scholarly journals A case-control study to identify risk factors for acute salmonellosis in New Zealand dairy herds, 2011–2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 2154-2164
Author(s):  
M. A. STEVENSON ◽  
P. L. MORGAN ◽  
J. SANHUEZA ◽  
G. E. OAKLEY ◽  
R. S. BATEMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYIn late 2011 the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries reported an increase in confirmed laboratory diagnoses of salmonellosis in dairy herds. To identify risk factors for herd-level outbreaks of salmonellosis we conducted a case-control study of New Zealand dairy herds in 2011–2012. In a multivariable analysis, use of continuous feed troughs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·0–20], use of pelletized magnesium supplements (aOR 10, 95% CI 3·3–33) and use of palm kernel meal as a supplementary feed (aOR 8·7, 95% CI 2·5–30) were positively associated with a herd-level outbreak of salmonellosis between 1 July 2011 and 31 January 2012. We conclude that supplementary feeds used on dairy farms (regardless of type) need to be stored and handled appropriately to reduce the likelihood of bacterial contamination, particularly from birds and rodents. Magnesium supplementation in the pelletized form played a role in triggering outbreaks of acute salmonellosis in New Zealand dairy herds in 2011–2012.

scholarly journals Incidence, risk factors and perinatal outcomes for placenta accreta in Australia and New Zealand: a case–control study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e017713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M Farquhar ◽  
Zhuoyang Li ◽  
Sarah Lensen ◽  
Claire McLintock ◽  
Wendy Pollock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Placenta Accreta ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveEstimate the incidence of placenta accreta and describe risk factors, clinical practice and perinatal outcomes.DesignCase–control study.SettingSites in Australia and New Zealand with at least 50 births per year.ParticipantsCases were women giving birth (≥20 weeks or fetus ≥400 g) who were diagnosed with placenta accreta by antenatal imaging, at operation or by pathology specimens between 2010 and 2012. Controls were two births immediately prior to a case. A total of 295 cases were included and 570 controls.MethodsData were collected using the Australasian Maternity Outcomes Surveillance System.Primary and secondary outcome measuresIncidence, risk factors (eg, prior caesarean section (CS), maternal age) and clinical outcomes of placenta accreta (eg CS, hysterectomy and death).ResultsThe incidence of placenta accreta was 44.2/100 000 women giving birth (95% CI 39.4 to 49.5); however, this may overestimated due to the case definition used. In primiparous women, an increased odds of placenta accreta was observed in older women (adjusted OR (AOR) women≥40 vs <30: 19.1, 95% CI 4.6 to 80.3) and current multiple birth (AOR: 6.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 34.1). In multiparous women, independent risk factors were prior CS (AOR ≥2 prior sections vs 0: 13.8, 95% CI 7.4 to 26.1) and current placenta praevia (AOR: 36.3, 95% CI 14.0 to 93.7). There were two maternal deaths (case fatality rate 0.7%).Women with placenta accreta were more likely to have a caesarean section (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI 2.7 to 7.6) to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)/high dependency unit (AOR: 46.1, 95% CI 22.3 to 95.4) and to have a hysterectomy (AOR: 209.0, 95% CI 19.9 to 875.0). Babies born to women with placenta accreta were more likely to be preterm, be admitted to neonatal ICU and require resuscitation.

scholarly journals Herd-level risk factors for chronic pleurisy in finishing pigs: a case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Hälli ◽  
Minna Haimi-Hakala ◽  
Claudio Oliviero ◽  
Mari Heinonen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Control Study

Case control study of risk factors for toxic mastitis in 26 dairy herds

1998 ◽  
Vol 143 (13) ◽  
pp. 362-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Tadich ◽  
A. Carey ◽  
R. Porter ◽  
J. Ridley ◽  
M. J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Control Study

Risk factors for sporadicVibrio parahaemolyticusgastroenteritis in east China: a matched case-control study

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 1020-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. X. YAN ◽  
Y. DAI ◽  
Y. J. ZHOU ◽  
H. LIU ◽  
S. G. DUAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYTo determine risk factors for sporadicVibrio parahaemolyticusgastroenteritis, we conducted a population-based case-control study in sentinel hospital surveillance areas of Shanghai and Jiangsu province, China. Seventy-one patients with diarrhoea and confirmedV. parahaemolyticusinfections were enrolled, and they were matched with 142 controls for gender, age and residential area. From the multivariable analysis,V. parahaemolyticusinfections were associated with antibiotics taken during the 4 weeks prior to illness [odds ratio (OR) 8·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2–56·4)], frequent eating out (OR 3·3, 95% CI 1·1–10·1), and shellfish consumption (OR 3·2, 95% CI 1·0–9·9), with population-attributable fractions of 0·09, 0·25, and 0·14, respectively. Protective factors included keeping the aquatic products refrigerated (OR 0·4, 95% CI 0·1–0·9) and pork consumption (OR 0·2, 95% CI 0·1–0·8). Further study of the association ofV. parahaemolyticusgastroenteritis with prior antibiotic use and shellfish consumption is needed.

A case–control study of risk factors for multiple sclerosis in Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Alonso ◽  
Stuart D Cook ◽  
Amir-Hadi Maghzi ◽  
Afshin A Divani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Past History ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Background: Numerous studies have assessed risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS), although none have been conducted previously in Iran. Objective: The objective of this study was to study lifestyle and environmental risk factors of MS in the Iranian population. Methods: A case–control study, including 394 MS cases and 394 matched controls, was conducted in MS clinics in different Iranian cities. Information on lifestyles, environmental exposures, and past medical history was obtained from medical charts and phone interviews. Results: In multivariable analysis, sunlight exposure was associated with a lower risk of MS: the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of MS associated with a 1-h increment in daily sunlight was 0.62 (0.53–0.73). Smoking was associated with MS risk in women (OR: 6.48, 95% CI: 1.46–28.78), but not in men (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.31–1.68) ( p = 0.002 for interaction). Finally, past history of common surgical procedures, infectious disorders, or exposure to pets and farm animals was not associated with MS risk. Conclusions: Different modifiable lifestyles, including sunlight exposure and smoking, were associated with lower MS risk in Iran. Interventions aimed at promoting smoking cessation and, more importantly, at increasing exposure to sunlight might contribute to the prevention of MS.

scholarly journals Risk factors for postpartum sepsis: A nested case control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samina Bakhtawar ◽  
Sana Sheikh ◽  
Rahat Qureshi ◽  
Zahra Hoodbhoy ◽  
Beth Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Sign ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Discriminative Performance ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Majority (99%) of maternal deaths occur in low and middle income countries. The three most important causes of maternal deaths in these regions are postpartum hemorrhage, pre-eclampsia and puerperal sepsis. There are several diagnostic criteria used to identify sepsis and one of the commonly used criterion is systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). However, these criteria require laboratory investigations which may not be feasible in resource constrained settings. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a model based on risk factors and clinical signs and symptoms that can identify sepsis early among postpartum women.Methods: A case control study was nested in an ongoing cohort of 4000 postpartum women who delivered or were admitted in study hospital. According to standard criteria of SIRS, 100 women with sepsis (cases) and 498 women without sepsis (controls) were recruited from January to July 2017. Information related to socio-demographic status, antenatal care and maternal life styles were obtained via interview while pregnancy and delivery related information, comorbid and clinical sign and symptoms were retrieved from ongoing cohort. Multivariable logistic regression was performed and discriminative performance of the model was assessed using area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC).Results: Multivariable analysis revealed that 1-4 antenatal visits (95% CI 0.01 - 0.62), 3 or more vaginal examinations (95% CI 1.21 - 3.65), home delivery (95% CI 1.72-50.02), preterm delivery, diabetes in pregnancy (95% CI 1.93-20.23), lower abdominal pain (95% CI 1.15 - 3.42)) vaginal discharge (95% CI 2.97-20.21), SpO2 <93% (95% CI 4.80-37.10) and blood glucose were significantly associated with sepsis. AUC was 0.84 (95% C.I 0.80-0.89) which indicated that risk factors and clinical sign and symptoms based model has adequate ability to discriminate women with and without sepsis.Conclusion: This study developed a non-invasive tool which can identify postpartum women with sepsis as accurately as SIRS criteria with good discriminative ability. Once validated, this tool has a potential to be scaled up for community use by frontline health care workers.

Case-control study to determine herd-level risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in nursing beef calves on cow-calf operations

2018 ◽  
Vol 252 (8) ◽  
pp. 989-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia R. Woolums ◽  
Roy D. Berghaus ◽  
David R. Smith ◽  
Russell F. Daly ◽  
Gerald L. Stokka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Maternal caesarean section infection (MACSI) in Sierra Leone: a case–control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Di Gennaro ◽  
C. Marotta ◽  
L. Pisani ◽  
N. Veronese ◽  
V. Pisani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Sierra Leone is the country with highest maternal mortality and infections are the underlying cause in 11% of maternal deaths, but the real burden remains unknown. This study aims to determine the incidence and risk factors of surgical site infection (SSI) post-caesarean section (CS) in women admitted to Princess Christian Maternity Hospital (PCMH) in Freetown, Sierra Leone. A prospective case–control (1:3 ratio) study was implemented from 1 May 2018 to 30 April 2019 and 11 women presenting with suspected or confirmed infection post-CS were screened for inclusion as a case. For each case, three patients undergoing CS on the same day and admitted to the same ward, but not presenting with SSI, were selected as controls. The post-CS infection rate was 10.9%. Two hundred and fifty-four clinically confirmed cases were enrolled and matched with 762 control patients. By multivariable analysis, the risk factors for SSI were: being single (odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–1.66), low education level (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.55–1.84), previous CS (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10–1.52), presenting with premature membranes rupture (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.18–1.88), a long decision–incision time (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.74–2.24) and a high missing post-CS antibiotic doses rate (OR 2.52, 95% CI 2.10–2.85).

scholarly journals A case-control study of risk factors for asthma in New Zealand children

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Wickens ◽  
Julian Crane ◽  
Trudi Kemp ◽  
Simon Lewis ◽  
Wendyl D'Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk factors for postpartum sepsis: A nested case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samina Bakhtawar ◽  
Sana Sheikh ◽  
Rahat Qureshi ◽  
Zahra Hoodbhoy ◽  
Beth Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Sign ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Discriminative Performance ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: The Majority (99%) of maternal deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. The three most important causes of maternal deaths in these regions are postpartum hemorrhage, pre-eclampsia and puerperal sepsis. There are several diagnostic criteria used to identify sepsis and one of the commonly used criteria is systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). However, these criteria require laboratory investigations that may not be feasible in resource-constrained settings. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a model based on risk factors and clinical signs and symptoms that can identify sepsis early among postpartum women. Methods: A case-control study was nested in an ongoing cohort of 4000 postpartum women who delivered or were admitted to the study hospital. According to standard criteria of SIRS, 100 women with sepsis (cases) and 498 women without sepsis (controls) were recruited from January to July 2017. Information related to the socio-demographic status, antenatal care and use of tobacco were obtained via interview while pregnancy and delivery related information, comorbid and clinical sign and symptoms were retrieved from the ongoing cohort. Multivariable logistic regression was performed and discriminative performance of the model was assessed using area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results: Multivariable analysis revealed that 1-4 antenatal visits (95% CI 0.01 - 0.62) , 3 or more vaginal examinations (95% CI 1.21 - 3.65), home delivery (95% CI 1.72-50.02), preterm delivery, diabetes in pregnancy (95% CI 1.93-20.23), lower abdominal pain (95% CI 1.15 - 3.42)) vaginal discharge (95% CI 2.97-20.21), SpO2 <93% (95% CI 4.80-37.10) and blood glucose were significantly associated with sepsis. AUC was 0.84 (95% C.I 0.80-0.89) which indicated that risk factors and clinical sign and symptoms-based model has adequate ability to discriminate women with and without sepsis. Conclusion: This study developed a non-invasive tool that can identify postpartum women with sepsis as accurately as SIRS criteria with good discriminative ability. Once validated, this tool has the potential to be scaled up for community use by frontline health care workers.

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