Performa Dan Metabolit Darah Induk Kambing Bunting Yang Diberi Pakan Suplemen Selama Kebuntingan

Ketersediaan nutrisi pada induk baik melalui suplai dari makanan maupun hasil metabolisme induk mempunyai pengaruh sangat luas pada pertumbuhan fetus selama kebuntingan. Sangat diperlukan upaya perbaikan ketersediaan nutrisi melalui peningkatan sekresi endogen hormon metabolisme dan metabolit penting dan faktor-faktor pertumbuhan lainnya. Pengetahuan profil metabolik dapat berguna dalam memprediksi masalah metabolik. Penelitian ini dirancang mengikuti pola factorial 2 x 4 dengan 9 ulangan, sehingga jumlah kambing yang digunakan sebanyak 72 ekor induk kambing, yang terdiri dari kelompok kambing Peranakan Etawa dan kambing Kacang Pemberian pakan selama kebuntingan dibagi dalam 3 perlakuan induk bunting awal (umur kebuntingan 1 sampai 3 bulan), induk bunting akhir (umur kebuntingan 3 sampai 5 bulan), induk bunting tampa pemberian pakan suplemen dan Induk bunting dengan suplementasi selama kebuntingan. Pemberian pakan suplemen dapat meningkatkan pertambahan berat badan induk bunting. Waktu yang optimum pemberian pakan suplemen pada induk bunting memberikan pertambahan berat badan yang tinggi pada umur kebuntingan 1 sampai 3 bulan (awal). Kandungan glukosa darah dipengaruhi oleh jenis kambing dan umur kebuntingan. Kandungan glukosa darah tertinggi pada induk yang diberi pakan suplemen selama kebuntingan tetapi tidak berbeda pada kebuntingan awal dan akhir. Kandungan metabolit darah (urea dan kreatinine) tidak dipengaruhi oleh umur kebuntingan, dan kandungan metabolit darah relatif lebih tinggi pada ternak yang diberi pakan suplemen The availability of nutrients in the mother either through the supply of food or the results of the metabolism of the mother has a very broad influence on the growth of the fetus during pregnancy. It is necessary to improve the availability of nutrients by increasing the endogenous secretion of metabolic hormones and important metabolites and other growth factors. Knowledge of the metabolic profile can be useful in predicting metabolic problems. This study was designed to follow a 2 x 4 factorial pattern with 9 replications, so that the number of goats used were 72 mother goats, consisting of Etawa Peranakan goats and Kacang goats. 3 months), late pregnant women (gestational age 3 to 5 months), pregnant women without supplementation of feed and pregnant women with supplementation during pregnancy. Supplementary feeding can increase the weight gain of pregnant mothers. The optimum time of giving supplementary feed to pregnant mothers gives high weight gain at 1 to 3 months of gestation (early). Blood glucose content is influenced by the type of goat and gestational age. The blood glucose content was highest in broodstock fed supplements during pregnancy but did not differ in early and late pregnancy. The content of blood metabolites (urea and creatinine) was not affected by gestational age, and the content of blood metabolites was relatively higher in livestock fed supplementary diets.

Appraisal of the management practices of goat farmers in selected districts of the KwaZulu-Natal province: can the extensionist play a role to improve?

The study was conducted to assess management practices by goat farmers in uMgungundlovu of the KwaZulu-Natal province. A total of 70 farmers were interviewed using structured questionnaires. A considerable number of respondents had low-level education (40%) n=28. Management activities performed by respondents included control of internal and external parasites, which was done by 94% and 96%, respectively. The most vaccinated for diseases were Pulpy kidney (61.54%) and Pasteurella (51.92%). Fifty-five respondents (78.57%) grazed their animals on the veld, while an insubstantial percentage of respondents had cultivated pastures (15.71%) n=11. Respondents provided winter and summer supplementary feed (46%) and supplementary lick (83%). A total of 17 farmers (24.29%) had a specific breeding season. Breeding management activities were done by farmers, and 5.71% of respondents tested bucks for fertility, while 18.57% provided flush feeding, and 11.43% performed pregnancy diagnosis. Most farmers who applied sound management practices reported elevated production levels.

PENDAMPINGAN USAHA PETERNAKAN SAPI PERAH MANDIRI DI DESA PESANGGRAHAN PINGGIRAN KOTA BATU JAWA TIMUR

ABSTRAKProgram Pengabdian Masyarakat bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan peternak berbagai aspek produksi dan manajemen peternakan intensif mengacu pada sapta usaha peternakan agar produksi dan kualitas susu serta pendapatan peternak meningkat. Beberapa permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra yaitu 1). Sulitnya pengadaan bahan pakan terutama hijauan berkualitas dan kurang kuantitasnya, 2). Formulasi pakan konsentrat tidak memenuhi standart nutrisi berakibat produksi susu tidak optimal, 3). Rasio penggunaan hijauan dan konsentrat dalam pakan TMR tidak memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi perlu ditambah pakan suplemen UMB kaya makromineral, 4). Manajemen pemeliharaan belum intensif. Kemudian tim pengabdi menawarkan solusi melakukan kegiatan, 1). Penyiapan pakan berkualitas dengan formulasi pakan TMR untuk meningkatkan produksi, kualitas susu dan pendapatan 2). Pembinaan manajemen pemeliharaan intensif melalui penyuluhan dan pendampingan usaha peternakan mengacu sapta usaha peternakan 3). Melakukan pelatihan fermentasi limbah agroindustri menjadi pakan berkualitas, 4). Pendampingan pembuatan pakan suplemen Urea molasses bloks kaya makromineral. Hasil yang dicapai, tim pengabdi telah melaksanakan beberapa kegiataan menggunakan metode penyuluhan pemahaman sapta usaha peternakan, Demo praktek fermentasi pakan menjadi berkualitas dan palatabel, pembuatan pakan jilat UMB sebagai pakan suplemen, serta pendampingan usaha menggunakan pakan TMR rasio konsentrat 40% dan hijauan 60% dalam BK. Disimpukan bahwa semua kegiatan yang telah dilakukan direspon peternak dengan baik dan tetap dibuka konsultasi untuk pengembangan peternakan sapi perah.. Kata kunci: pakan jilat UMB plus; pakan TMR; sapta usaha peternakan ABSTRACTThe Community Service Program aims to improve the knowledge and skills of farmers in various aspects of production and management of intensive livestock farming, which refers to livestock business so that milk production and quality as well as farmers' incomes increase. Some of the problems faced by partners are 1). The difficulty of procuring feed ingredients, especially quality forage and lack of quantity, 2). Concentrated feed formulations do not meet nutritional standards resulting in suboptimal milk production, 3). The ratio of the use of forage and concentrate in the TMR feed does not meet the nutritional needs, it is necessary to add a macromineral-rich UMB supplementary feed, 4). Maintenance management has not been intensive. Then the service team offers solutions to carry out activities, 1). Preparation of quality feed with TMR feed formulations to increase production, milk quality and income 2). Intensive maintenance management development through counseling and assistance for livestock business refers to the Sapta livestock business 3). Conduct training on fermentation of agro-industrial waste into quality feed, 4). Assistance in the manufacture of macromineral rich Urea molasses block feed supplements. The results achieved, the service team has carried out several activities using the method of counseling the understanding of animal husbandry, demonstration of the practice of fermenting feed to become quality and palatable, making UMB lick feed as supplementary feed, as well as business assistance using TMR feed with a concentrate ratio of 40% and forage 60% in BK. It was concluded that all the activities that had been carried out were responded to by the farmers well and consultations were still open for the development of dairy farms. Keywords: UMB plus lick feed, TMR feed, livestock business

Productivity, changes and resilience in New Zealand grassland agriculture over the last three decades

This paper discusses key changes in New Zealand pastoral agriculture over the last three decades at the national scale, and how these have influenced the performance of grasslands, animal productivity, and the resilience of pastoral livestock systems. It assesses the positive and negative impacts of land-use change, changes in pasture production and supplementary feeding and dry matter (DM) consumed, and the key management practices implemented by farmers to enhance farm system resilience. It also notes environmental and other policy changes and examines how sectors and Government have started to respond. The largest estimated increase in DM consumed by livestock from 1990 to 2018 was from increased supplementary feed in the dairy sector. The largest estimated decline in DM production was due to pasture-land conversion to planted forests, followed by weed and pest impacts. In 2018, the dairy sector consumed the most DM at an estimated 25.0M t/yr, followed by sheep at 16.6M t/yr and beef at 10.1M t/yr. The total consumed DM in 2018 was 51.9 M t/yr which corresponds well with the independently estimated national pasture DM production of 64M t/yr. The environmental impacts of managements to enhance resilience in DM availability are becoming evident and future regulations may limit the extent some of these practices can expand.

Rumen Bacterial Community of Grazing Lactating Yaks (Poephagus grunniens) Supplemented with Concentrate Feed and/or Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine

Traditionally, yaks graze only natural pasture all year round without supplements. Forage intake of lactating yaks is below energy and protein requirements, even in the summer, and suckling yaks lose a substantial amount of significant body weight. Today, to mitigate the loss in body weight, supplementary feed is being offered to lactating yaks. However, the effects of supplementary feed on ruminal bacterial communities in lactating yaks is unknown. In the current study, we examined the effect of supplementary feed on ruminal microbiota, using 16S rRNA sequencing, and on volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Twenty-four lactating yaks of similar body weight (218 ± 19.5 kg) and grazing natural pasture were divided randomly into four groups and received different supplements: (1) rumen-protected amino acids (RPA); (2) concentrate feed (C); (3) RPA plus C (RPA+C); and (4) no supplements (control-CON). The concentrations of total VFAs, acetate, and butyrate were greater (p < 0.05) when supplemented with concentrate feed (C and RPA+C) than without concentrate feed (CON and RPA). Bacteroidetes (B) and Firmicutes (F) were the dominant ruminal bacterial phyla in all groups. The ratio of relative abundance of F:B in RPA+C was greater than in the RPA group, while there was no difference between CON and RPC (interaction, p = 0.026). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Absconditabacteriales_SR1, Bacteroidales-RF16-group, Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group, Prevotellaceae, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were lesser (p < 0.05) with supplementary concentrate feed (C and RPA+C) than without concentrate feed (CON and RPA), whereas Butyrivibrio_2 and Pseudobutyrivibrio were greater (p < 0.05) with supplementary rumen-protected amino acids (RPA and RPA+C) than without rumen-protected amino acids (CON and C). These results demonstrate that supplementary feed: (1) alters the composition of rumen microbiota and concentrations of ruminal VFAs in lactating yaks; and (2) can be used to manipulate the composition of rumen microbiota.

Carbon and fossil resource depletion footprints of milk production from Canterbury dairy farms

Among the different sustainability metrics, the carbon footprint is the most commonly reported, but the depletion of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels, is also important. This study aimed to calculate the “cradle to farm-gate” carbon and fossil resource depletion footprint of milk production in Canterbury, New Zealand, comparing two different farm systems: one pasture-based with a relatively small amount of brought-in feed (Lincoln University Dairy Farm, LUDF) and an average Canterbury farm. The estimate of the carbon footprint of milk production was 0.68 and 0.80 kg CO2-eq/kg of fat and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) for the LUDF and Canterbury average, respectively. The main contributor to the carbon footprint for both farms was enteric fermentation, but differences were found mainly in the emissions from the supplementary feed. Conversely, the Canterbury average farm showed lower fossil resource depletion footprint (1.05 MJ/kg FPCM) when compared with the LUDF farm (1.13 MJ/kg FPCM). The differences were mainly related to fertiliser use. However, this difference is small if compared with farms overseas. The study shows that it is important to look at more than one environmental metric when proposing mitigation practices.

PEMANFAATAN PRODUK UREA LEPAS LAMBAT BERBASIS TEPUNG PUTAK DALAM RANSUM SAPI BALI DI KELOMPOK PETERNAK DESA BAUMATA UTARA, KABUPATEN KUPANG

Permasalahan mitra kelompok tani ternak di desa Baumata Utara adalah rendahnya pengetahuan akan penyediaan pakan sapi yang bermutu dan dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah memberikan penyuluhan dan pelatihan tentang pembuatan produk pemasakan urea dengan tepung putak dan penggunaannya dalam pakan konsentrat sebagai suplemen ransum ternak sapi. Metode kegiatan adalah, 1) penyuluhan tentang teknologi pemasakan urea dengan tepung putak dan pemanfaatannya dalam ransum sapi; 2) praktek, pembuatan produk pemasakan urea dengan tepung putak, praktek pencampuran produk tersebut dalam pakan konsentrat dan penerapan pemberiannya sebagai pakan suplemen pada ternak sapi dan 3) evaluasi kegiatan secara umum bersama mitra untuk mendapatkan input dan feedback bagi kegiatan di waktu mendatang. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan 1) peternak mitra sangat antusias menerima inovasi baru di bidang penyediaan pakan bagi ternak sapi; 2) Hasil diskusi dan evaluasi verbal maupun praktek menunjukkan mitra paham dan dapat mengaplikasikannya; 3) Adanya harapan untuk keberlanjutan kegiatan sejenis di waktu mendatang. Disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan ini sangat diapresiasi oleh peternak mitra karena teknologi pemasakan urea-tepung putak dan penggunaannya dalam ransum konsentrat bagi ternak sapi yang diinformasikan ini memberi wawasan bagi peningkatan sistem pemeliharaan ternak sapi dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan gizinya. Adanya keterbukaan mitra dalam menerima inovasi baru ini. Kata kunci: Inovasi, Suplemen, Urea Lepas Lambat, Tepung Putak, Sapi Bali ABSTRACT The problem with the partners of the livestock farmer groups in Baumata Utara village is the lack of knowledge about the supply of quality cattle feed that can meet their needs. The purpose of this activity is to provide counseling and training on the manufacture of urea cooking products with putak flour and its use in concentrate feed as a supplement for cattle rations. The methods of activity are, 1) counseling on the technology for cooking urea with putak flour and its use in cow rations; 2) practice, manufacture of urea cooking products with putak flour, practice mixing these products in concentrate feed and applying it as supplementary feed for cattle and 3) general evaluation of activities with partners to get input and feedback for future activities. The results of the activity show 1) partner breeders are very enthusiastic about receiving new innovations in the field of providing feed for cattle; 2) The results of the discussion and evaluation of verbal and practice show that partners understand and can apply it; 3) There is hope for the sustainability of similar activities in the future. It is concluded that this activity is highly appreciated by partner breeders because the technology for cooking urea-putak flour and its use in concentrate rations for cattle provides insight into improving the system for raising cattle in meeting its nutritional needs. There is openness partners in accepting this new innovation Keywords: Innovation, Supplements, Slow Release Urea, Putak Flour, Bali Cattle

Fish culture in net cages improves the livelihood of Charland population: a case study from Padma (Ganga) River, Munshiganj, Bangladesh

Char dwellers are considered poorer than the mainland population. A constant threat of riverbank failure, flooding, and seasonal cyclone, combined with lack of physical infrastructures, and employment opportunities in the Chars, makes a vulnerable, difficult, and fragile life. The aim of the present work was an initiative to improve the livelihood of Char dwellers through fish culture in the net cages. A focus group survey was conducted on Char dwellers to know about the livelihood conditions. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of plankton was performed to know the productivity of the Padma River. In the study area, there was an average of 5 household members in each family of the Charland dwellers, and the average sex ratio of males and females was 56.67% and 43.33%, respectively. The age group of below 15 to 60 years and their religion ratio of Muslim and Hindu was 45% and 55%. The total number of identified genera of phytoplankton was 41, and the total number of zooplankton genera was 20 in the Padma River. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was cultured in the net cages providing three different feeds i.e. natural feed, kitchen waste (leftover rice), and rice bran. The final weights of the experimental tilapia were 314.8 ± 24.3 g after 5 months of feeding natural food, 321.4 ± 22.8 g after 5 months of feeding natural food with kitchen waste, and 324.8 ± 29.5 g after 5 months of feeding natural food with rice bran. Considering the plankton populations and water quality parameters, the Padma River near the Charland of Munshiganj was productive for fish farming. We found the results of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) farming in net cages near the river of Char, which were almost the same (has no significant difference among the diets) by providing low-cost supplementary feed and without supplementary feed. Therefore, the result indicates that Char dwellers can culture fishes in net cages to have the fish in their daily meals and can earn extra income from selling the fish to improve their livelihood. Moreover, applied research and interdisciplinary adaptive policy framework are requisite for the Charland livelihoods sustainability in the Padma River, Munshiganj, Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 174-181

The Effect of Supplementary Feeding on the Reproductive Performance of Beef Cows in Supporting the Siwab Program

This study aims to determine the effect of supplementary feeding on the reproductive performance of beef cattle and calf birth weight. Additional feed is given to cows who are pregnant (8-9 months) and after giving birth for 3 months. Additional feed provided is a complete feed prepared from local feed ingredients. The objectives of this supplementary feeding are: maintaining the condition of the mother's body, maintaining normal embryo growth, and accelerating postpartum estrus, as has been done in Megal Village, Pamotan District, Rembang Regency. Provision of additional feed to old pregnant beef cattle (8-9 months) and after giving birth for 3 months in Megal Village, Pamotan District, Rembang Regency. The conclusion of this study is that the provision of additional feed 5 kg / head / day to old pregnant beef cattle and after giving birth for 3 months can reduce the weight loss of beef cattle broods when the availability of feed is limited, increase birth weight of calves and accelerate postpartum estrus. estrus for the first time after childbirth). Provision of additional feed to late pregnant beef cattle and after giving birth is highly recommended, especially in areas where the availability of feed fluctuates.Key words: supplementary feed, reproduction, beef cattle

Influence of Stocking Density on Growth Performance of Labeo bata in Cage at River Padma, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

As a result of climate change, aquaculturists are seeking adaptive culture techniques for sustainable aquaculture. In this case, cage culture is a suitable technique that can mitigate the challenge of climate change, but due to the lack of knowledge of proper stocking density, often productions are not satisfactory. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of stocking density on growth and production of an endangered minor carp bata (Labeo bata) in cages for a period of 120 days in Padma River, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. On an average initial weight of bata fingerling of 5 g was stoked in cages under three treatments each with containing three replications using three different stocking densities (106, 71 and 35 fingerling/m3 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively). Supplementary feed (3% per body weight) was given to the cultured species twice in a day. The mean values of water temperature, transparency, pH and dissolved oxygen were in suitable range throughout the experimental period. Significantly (p<0.05) highest mean gross weight (85.82±0.70 g), specific growth rate (2.37± 0.02%), survival rate (83± 3.00%) and food conversion ratio (2.27± 0.03) was found in T3 rather than T2 and T1. The net production in terms of biomass (18.23±2.43 kg/cage) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2.The study suggests that, treatment T2 (71 fingerling /m3) as the optimum stocking density to produce maximum production by cage culture of Labeo bata.