scholarly journals Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: An exploration of genetic and environmental confounds

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. D'Onofrio ◽  
Carol A. van Hulle ◽  
Irwin D. Waldman ◽  
Joseph Lee Rodgers ◽  
K. Paige Harden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Prenatal Nicotine

AbstractPrevious studies have documented that smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with offspring externalizing problems, even when measured covariates were used to control for possible confounds. However, the association may be because of nonmeasured environmental and genetic factors that increase risk for offspring externalizing problems. The current project used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and their children, ages 4–10 years, to explore the relations between SDP and offspring conduct problems (CPs), oppositional defiant problems (ODPs), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems (ADHPs) using methodological and statistical controls for confounds. When offspring were compared to their own siblings who differed in their exposure to prenatal nicotine, there was no effect of SDP on offspring CP and ODP. This suggests that SDP does not have a causal effect on offspring CP and ODP. There was a small association between SDP and ADHP, consistent with a causal effect of SDP, but the magnitude of the association was greatly reduced by methodological and statistical controls. Genetically informed analyses suggest that unmeasured environmental variables influencing both SDP and offspring externalizing behaviors account for the previously observed associations. That is, the current analyses imply that important unidentified environmental factors account for the association between SDP and offspring externalizing problems, not teratogenic effects of SDP.

scholarly journals Association between symptoms of sleep apnea and problem behaviors in young adult twins and siblings

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Juan J. Madrid-Valero ◽  
Nicola L. Barclay ◽  
Richard Rowe ◽  
Rotem Perach ◽  
Daniel J. Buysse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Sleep apnea is one of the most common sleep disorders and it is related to multiple negative health consequences. Previous studies have shown that sleep apnea is influenced by genetic factors. However, studies have not investigated the genetic and environmental influences of symptoms of sleep apnea in young adults. Furthermore, the underpinnings of the relationship between apnea symptoms and internalizing/externalizing problems are unknown. The objectives of this study were to estimate the magnitude of: (1) genetic and environmental influences on self-reported apnea symptoms; (2) the relationship between self-reported apnea symptoms and internalizing/externalizing traits; (3) genetic and environmental influences on the associations between self-reported apnea symptoms, internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors. Methods In a twin/sibling study, univariate and multivariate models were fitted to estimate both individual variance and sources of covariance between symptoms of sleep apnea and internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Results Our results show that genetic influences account for 40% of the variance in sleep apnea symptoms. Moreover, there are modest associations between depression, anxiety and externalizing behaviors with apnea symptoms (ranging from r = 0.22–0.29). However, the origins of these associations differ. For example, whereas most of the covariation between symptoms of depression and sleep apnea can be explained by genes (95%), there was a larger role for the environment (53%) in the association between symptoms of anxiety and sleep apnea. Conclusions Genetic factors explain a significant proportion of variance in symptoms of apnea and most of the covariance with depression.

Major Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
One Year

In both clinical and epidemiological samples, major depression (MD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) display substantial comorbidity. In a prior analysis of lifetime MD and GAD in female twins, the same genetic factors were shown to influence the liability to MD and to GAD. A follow-up interview in the same twin cohort examined one-year prevalence for MD and GAD (diagnosed using a one-month minimum duration of illness). Bivariate twin models were fitted using the program Mx. High levels of comorbidity were observed between MD and GAD. The best-fitting twin models, when GAD was diagnosed with or without a diagnostic hierarchy, found a genetic correlation of unity between the two disorders. The correlation in environmental risk factors was +0.70 when GAD was diagnosed non-hierarchically, but zero when hierarchical diagnoses were used. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that in women, MD and GAD are the result of the same genetic factors. Environmental risk factors that predispose to ‘pure’ GAD episodes may be relatively distinct from those that increase risk for MD.

scholarly journals Advances on Parental Educational Styles Predictors of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jaime Humberto Moreno Méndez ◽  
José Pedro Espada Sánchez ◽  
Inmaculada Gómez Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

The purposes of this study were to perform a psychometric analysis of the Parental Educational Styles Questionnaire and to evaluate its predictive validity on externalizing and internalizing problems in Colombian children. Participants were 680 parents (M= 37.34; SD= 9.2) of children aged between 8 and 12 years enrolled in public schools in Bogota, Colombia. The parental educational styles questionnaire and the child behavior checklist -parents format- were applied to the participants. The resulting model presents the best indicators of favorable fit according to confirmatory factorial analyses. These values show an internal consistence of the instrument. The results indicate that dysfunctional reaction to disobedience, communication difficulties and conflicts predicted internalizing and externalizing problems.

The Self and Mental Health: Self-Salience and the Emergence of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Rosenfield ◽  
Mary Clare Lennon ◽  
Helene Raskin White
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
The Self ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

How do schemas about self-salience—the importance of the self versus the collective in social relations—affect mental health? We propose that self-salience shapes the likelihood of experiencing internalizing or externalizing problems. Schemas that privilege others over the self increase the risk of internalizing symptoms, including depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those that privilege the self over others predispose individuals to externalizing behaviors of antisocial behavior and substance abuse. Furthermore, we propose that these schemas contribute to the gender differences that exist in these problems. We test these predictions with data from adolescents, the stage at which these problems and the gender differences in them arise. Results show that self-salience underlies both internalizing and externalizing problems. In addition, schemas about self-salience help explain the gender differences found in mental health problems.

scholarly journals Association betweenTLR4andTLR9Gene Polymorphisms with Development of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danial Jahantigh ◽  
Saeedeh Salimi ◽  
Roya Alavi-Naini ◽  
Abolfazl Emamdadi ◽  
Hamid Owaysee Osquee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Some evidence suggests that a variety of genetic factors contribute to development of the tuberculosis (TB).TLR4andTLR9have been proposed as susceptibility genes for TB. This study was performed in 124 newly diagnosed TB cases and 149 healthy controls in a TB-endemic region of Iran. TheTLR4genes Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile, andTLR9gene T-1486C polymorphisms were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then detected by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The frequencies of the mutant alleles ofTLR4Arg299Gly, Thr399Ile, andTLR9T-1486C polymorphisms were 0.8versus0.1, 5.6versus3, and 28.6versus25.2 in patients and controls, respectively, that were not significant. The synergic effect of TI,II/CC genotypes forTLR4Thr399Ile andTLR9T-1486C polymorphisms showed increased risk of PTB susceptibility. In conclusion, no significant relation was found betweenTLR4andTLR9polymorphisms alone and PTB. However, synergic effects ofTLR4Thr399Ile andTLR9-1486T/C polymorphisms might increase risk of PTB.

PRODUCTION OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN MAMMALS BY MATERNAL DIETARY DEFICIENCIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-776
Author(s):  
Marjorie M. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Systems Studies ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

Multiple or single congenital anomalies may be produced experimentally by certain maternal dietary deficiencies. The similarity of the anomalies resulting from all acute dietary deficiencies and other acute teratogenic procedures is striking. When the dietary deficiency is controlled by the use of anti-metabolites, it can easily be demonstrated that the teratogenic effects vary with the time of instituting the deficiency and with its duration or severity. It can also be demonstrated that the period of sensitivity to the teratogenic dietary deficiencies is usually limited to the critical period of differentiation and organogenesis, as it is in irradiation. However, fetal vitamin deficiencies similar to those observed in the adult can probably be produced by the deficiency later in pregnancy. The severe fetal damage is in marked contrast to the relatively slight effects on the maternal organism. Presumably, although this point has not been proven, the effect of the deficiency is directly on the fetus and indicates that certain vitamins play a highly significant role in embryonic differentiation and organogenesis. We already have considerable knowledge concerning the biochemical reactions with which the B vitamins are concerned in adult tissues. It is possible that, by use of these specific vitamin deficiencies as tools, we may succeed in identifying certain key reactions in embryonic differentiation and organogenesis and thus advance our knowledge of chemical embryology. The teratogenic dietary deficiencies can provide abundant material for the pathologist to study the early stages of specific anomalies. For the physiologist, studies of anomalous conditions before and after birth are possible for some organs and systems. Studies of the interrelations of nutritional and genetic factors should lead to increasing knowledge concerning individual susceptibility to such teratogenic conditions and the application of these findings to man. The briefness of the period necessary to affect fetal development and the irreversibility of fetal damage by dietary supplementation later in pregnancy must be emphasized.

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