scholarly journals Genetic origin of the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal genetically sensitive study

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Alemany ◽  
Frühling V. Rijsdijk ◽  
Claire Margaret Alison Haworth ◽  
Lourdes Fañanás ◽  
Robert Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLittle is known about how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the association between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence. The current study fitted a cross-lagged model in a sample consisting of 4,075 twin pairs to explore (a) the role of genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from age 4 to age 12, (b) whether parent-driven and child-driven processes independently explain the association, and (c) whether there are sex differences in this relationship. Both phenotypes showed substantial genetic influence at both ages. The concurrent overlap between them was mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Causal pathways representing stability of the phenotypes and parent-driven and child-driven effects significantly and independently account for the association. Significant but slight differences were found between males and females for parent-driven effects. These results were highly similar when general cognitive ability was added as a covariate. In summary, the longitudinal association between parental negativity and behavior problems seems to be bidirectional and mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Furthermore, child-driven effects were mainly genetically mediated, and parent-driven effects were a function of both genetic and shared-environmental factors.

Sources of Stability in Social and Economic Ideological Orientations: Cohort, Context, and Construct Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-730
Author(s):  
Aleksander Ksiazkiewicz ◽  
Robert Klemmensen ◽  
Christopher T Dawes ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Matt McGue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
National Context ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Economic Ideology ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Existing research shows that ideological orientations are stable after young adulthood. Extending research on the sources of ideological stability, we examine social and economic ideology over a 3- to 4-year period in two twin panels (one Danish and one American). We find evidence for the importance of genetic influences and individual life experiences on the stability of social ideology in both contexts; shared environmental factors play an important role in the younger, Danish sample only. For economic ideology, genetic factors contribute to stability in the American sample only. Our findings show that the role of genetic and environmental factors in the stability of ideological orientations varies by type of ideology, national context, and, possibly, age cohort.

Concordance for Stuttering in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twin Pairs

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M. Howie
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Dizygotic Twin ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Maximum Accuracy ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

The role of genetic factors in the etiology of stuttering was investigated in 30 pairs of same-sex twins, each pair containing at least one stutterer. Care was taken to ensure maximum accuracy in zygosity classification and objectivity in stuttering diagnosis. Zygosity classification was made independently of stuttering diagnosis. Pair-wise concordance for stuttering was significantly higher in identical twins (63%) than in fraternal same-sex twins (19%). The estimated risk of stuttering in the monozygotic (MZ) co-twin of a stutterer was .77, and .32 in the dizygotic (DZ) co-twin of a stutterer, The findings strongly suggest the operation of genetic factors in stuttering, However, the presence of as many as six pairs of identical twins who were discordant for stuttering underlines the importance of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of this disorder.

scholarly journals Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Development of Empathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.O. Yudina
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Empathy Development ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mother Child Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

The paper provides a review of studies on factors influencing empathy development in early childhood and on conditions promoting manifestation of empathy in children later in life. The outcomes of several studies shed light on the character of empathic response at early stages of child development, particularly in infancy and toddlerhood. This review covers research on the role of biological factors and mechanisms in empathy development (for instance, features of temperament and neuronal bases), as well as research on the relationship between genetic and environmental factors in the development of empathy in ontogenesis. Another part of the paper describes studies on the role of social conditions in the development of empathy in childhood: it focuses primarily on family relations and, in particular, on the mother/child relationship. The paper concludes with several suggestions concerning further research of the specified problem.

scholarly journals Heritability of Cortisol Production and Metabolism Throughout Adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt J van Keulen ◽  
Conor V Dolan ◽  
Ruth Andrew ◽  
Brian R Walker ◽  
Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Cortisol Metabolism ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Abstract Context Inter-individual differences in cortisol production and metabolism emerge with age and may be explained by genetic factors. Objective To estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to inter-individual differences in cortisol production and metabolism throughout adolescence. Design Prospective follow-up study of twins. Setting Nationwide register. Participants 218 mono- and dizygotic twins (N = 109 pairs) born between 1995 amd 1996, recruited from the Netherlands Twin Register. Cortisol metabolites were determined in 213, 169, and 160 urine samples at the ages of 9, 12, and 17, respectively. Main outcome measures The total contribution of genetic factors (broad-sense heritability) and shared and unshared environmental influences to inter-individual differences in cortisol production and activities of 5α-reductase, 5β-reductase, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and cytochrome P450 3A4. Results For cortisol production rate at the ages of 9, 12, and 17, broad-sense heritability was estimated as 42%, 30%, and 0%, respectively, and the remainder of the variance was explained by unshared environmental factors. For cortisol metabolism indices, the following heritability was observed: for the A-ring reductases (5α-and 5β-reductases), broad-sense heritability increased with age (to >50%), while for the other indices (renal 11β-HSD2, global 11β-HSD, and CYP3A4), the contribution of genetic factors was highest (68%, 18%, and 67%, respectively) at age 12. Conclusions The contribution of genetic factors to inter-individual differences in cortisol production decreased between 12 and 17y, indicative of a predominant role of individual circumstances. For cortisol metabolism, distinct patterns of genetic and environmental influences were observed, with heritability that either increased with age or peaked at age 12y.

scholarly journals Role of overlapping genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between early adolescent conduct problems and substance use in young adulthood

Addiction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin J. H. Verweij ◽  
Hanneke E. Creemers ◽  
Tellervo Korhonen ◽  
Antti Latvala ◽  
Danielle M. Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Gene-environment interactions as the basis of health formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aksana N. Kucher
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Genetic Program ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Active Substances

The review discusses issues related to the importance of interaction between genetic and environmental factors for the implementation of the genetic program of individuals and determining the level of health. Data on the importance of some nutrients (vitamins, bio-elements) for formation of health, about a role of genetic factors in maintenance of a homeostasis of biologically active substances, about associations of the genes involved in a metabolism of nutrients with various pathologies, and examples of modification of effects of genetic polymorphic variants on risk of development of common diseases by various factors (bio-elements and other components of a diet, adverse factors of environment, drugs, etc.) are presented.

scholarly journals Heritability of Caries Scores, Trajectories, and Disease Subtypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haworth ◽  
A. Esberg ◽  
P. Lif Holgerson ◽  
R. Kuja-Halkola ◽  
N.J. Timpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Caries Progression ◽  
Disease Subtypes ◽  
Dental Records ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Previous studies report that dental caries is partially heritable, but there is uncertainty in the magnitude of genetic effects and little understanding of how genetic factors might influence caries progression or caries subtypes. This study aimed to estimate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of different caries outcomes using a twin-based design. Analysis included up to 41,678 twins in the Swedish Twin Register aged 7 to 97 y, and dental data were obtained from preexisting dental records. The outcome measures were 1) summary indices of caries experience, 2) parameters representing trajectory in caries progression derived from longitudinal modeling, and 3) caries scores in groups of biologically similar tooth surfaces derived from hierarchical clustering of tooth surfaces (termed caries clusters). Additive genetic factors explained between 49.1% and 62.7% of variation in caries scores and between 50.0% and 60.5% of variation in caries trajectories. Seven caries clusters were identified, which had estimates of heritability lying between 41.9% and 54.3%. Shared environmental factors were important for only some of these clusters and explained 16% of variation in fissure caries in molar teeth but little variation in other clusters of caries presentation. The genetic factors influencing these clusters were only partially overlapping, suggesting that different biological processes are important in different groups of tooth surfaces and that innate liability to some patterns of caries presentation may partially explain why groups of tooth surfaces form clusters within the mouth. These results provide 1) improved quantification of genetic factors in the etiology of caries and 2) new data about the role of genetics in terms of longitudinal changes in caries status and specific patterns of disease presentation, and they may help lay the foundations for personalized interventions in the future.

Influence of Confucian culture on entrepreneurial decision making using data from China's floating population

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ran Xiong ◽  
Ping Wei
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Floating Population ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Confucian Culture ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Entrepreneurial Decision ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Confucian culture has had a deep-rooted influence on Chinese thinking and behavior for more than 2,000 years. With a manually created Confucian culture database and the 2017 China floating population survey, we used empirical analysis to test the relationship between Confucian culture and individual entrepreneurial choice using data obtained from China's floating population. After using the presence and number of Confucian schools and temples, and of chaste women as instrumental variables to counteract problems of endogeneity, we found that Confucian culture had a significant role in promoting individuals' entrepreneurial decision making among China's floating population. The results showed that, compared with those from areas of China not strongly influenced by Confucian culture, individuals from areas that are strongly influenced by Confucian culture were more likely to choose entrepreneurship as their occupation choice. Our findings reveal cultural factors that affect individual entrepreneurial behavior, and also illustrate the positive role of Confucianism as a representative of the typical cultures of the Chinese nation in the 21st century.

The Genetic Origins of the Relationship between Psychological Traits and Social Trust

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Oskarsson ◽  
Christopher Dawes ◽  
Magnus Johannesson ◽  
Patrik K. E. Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Genetic Component ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Recent studies have shown that trusting attitudes and behavior are biologically influenced. Focusing on the classic trust game, it has been demonstrated that oxytocin increases trust and that humans are endowed with genetic variation that influences their behavior in the game. Moreover, several studies have shown that a large share of the variation in survey responses to trust items is accounted for by an additive genetic component. Against this backdrop, this article makes two important contributions. First, utilizing a unique sample of more than 2,000 complete Swedish twin pairs, we provide further evidence of the heritability of social trust. Our estimates of the additive genetic component in social trust were consistent across the sexes – .33 for males and .39 for females – and are similar to the results reported in earlier studies. Secondly, we show that social trust is phenotypically related to three psychological traits – extraversion, personal control, and intelligence – and that genetic factors account for most of these correlations. Jointly, these psychological factors share around 30% of the genetic influence on social trust both for males and females. Future studies should further explore the possible causal pathways between genes and trust using panel data on both psychological traits and social trust.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document