Parenting style moderates the effects of exposure to natural disaster-related stress on the neural development of reactivity to threat and reward in children

AbstractLittle is known about the effect of natural disasters on children's neural development. Additionally, despite evidence that stress and parenting may both influence the development of neural systems underlying reward and threat processing, few studies have brought together these areas of research. The current investigation examined the effect of parenting styles and hurricane-related stress on the development of neural reactivity to reward and threat in children. Approximately 8 months before and 9 months after Hurricane Sandy, 74 children experiencing high and low levels of hurricane-related stress completed tasks that elicited the reward positivity and error-related negativity, event-related potentials indexing sensitivity to reward and threat, respectively. At the post-Hurricane assessment, children completed a self-report questionnaire to measure promotion- and prevention-focused parenting styles. Among children exposed to high levels of hurricane-related stress, lower levels of promotion-focused, but not prevention-focused, parenting were associated with a reduced post-Sandy reward positivity. In addition, in children with high stress exposure, greater prevention-focused, but not promotion-focused, parenting was associated with a larger error-related negativity after Hurricane Sandy. These findings highlight the need to consider contextual variables such as parenting when examining how exposure to stress alters the development of neural reactivity to reward and threat in children.

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Data Quality and Reliability Metrics for Event-Related Potentials (ERPs): The Utility of Subject-Level Reliability

10.31234/osf.io/ja6bw ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peter E Clayson ◽

Christopher John Brush ◽

Greg Hajcak

Keyword(s):

Data Quality ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Entire Group ◽

Group Level ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Reward Positivity ◽

Statistical Inferences ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Quality And Reliability ◽

Reliability Computation

Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent direct measures of neural activity that are leveraged to understand cognitive, affective, sensory, and motor processes. Every ERP researcher encounters the obstacle of determining whether measurements are precise enough for an intended purpose. In this primer we review three types of measurements metrics: data quality, group-level reliability, and subject-level reliability. Data quality estimates characterize the precision of ERP scores but provide no information about whether scores are precise enough for an intended comparison. Group-level reliability characterizes the ratio of between-person differences to the precision of those scores, and provides a single reliability estimate for an entire group of participants that risks masking low reliability for some individuals. Subject-level reliability considers the precision of an ERP score for a person relative to between-person differences for a group, and an estimate is yielded for each individual. We apply each metric to published error-related negativity (ERN) and reward positivity (RewP) data and demonstrate how failing to consider data quality and reliability can undermine statistical inferences. We conclude with general comments on how these estimates may be integrated into the literature to improve measure quality and methodological transparency. Subject-level reliability computation is implemented within the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox.

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The Utility of Event-Related Potentials in Clinical Psychology

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095457 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 71-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Greg Hajcak ◽

Julia Klawohn ◽

Alexandria Meyer

Keyword(s):

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Self Report ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Continuous Measures ◽

Direct Measures ◽

Meaningful Research

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.

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Selective Attention and Error Processing in an Illusory Conjunction Task

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.19.3.216 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 216-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Albertus A. Wijers ◽

Maarten A.S. Boksem

Keyword(s):

Target Detection ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Illusory Conjunction ◽

Conjunction Error ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Display Element ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Feature Error ◽

High Level ◽

Correct Target

Abstract. We recorded event-related potentials in an illusory conjunction task, in which subjects were cued on each trial to search for a particular colored letter in a subsequently presented test array, consisting of three different letters in three different colors. In a proportion of trials the target letter was present and in other trials none of the relevant features were present. In still other trials one of the features (color or letter identity) were present or both features were present but not combined in the same display element. When relevant features were present this resulted in an early posterior selection negativity (SN) and a frontal selection positivity (FSP). When a target was presented, this resulted in a FSP that was enhanced after 250 ms as compared to when both relevant features were present but not combined in the same display element. This suggests that this effect reflects an extra process of attending to both features bound to the same object. There were no differences between the ERPs in feature error and conjunction error trials, contrary to the idea that these two types of errors are due to different (perceptual and attentional) mechanisms. The P300 in conjunction error trials was much reduced relative to the P300 in correct target detection trials. A similar, error-related negativity-like component was visible in the response-locked averages in correct target detection trials, in feature error trials, and in conjunction error trials. Dipole modeling of this component resulted in a source in a deep medial-frontal location. These results suggested that this type of task induces a high level of response conflict, in which decision-related processes may play a major role.

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Two Types of Action Error: Electrophysiological Evidence for Separable Inhibitory and Sustained Attention Neural Mechanisms Producing Error on Go/No-go Tasks

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2009.21008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 93-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Redmond G. O'Connell ◽

Paul M. Dockree ◽

Mark A. Bellgrove ◽

Alessandra Turin ◽

Seamus Ward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustained Attention ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Response Competition ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Random Order ◽

Goal Maintenance ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Electrophysiological Evidence ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Fixed Condition

Disentangling the component processes that contribute to human executive control is a key challenge for cognitive neuroscience. Here, we employ event-related potentials to provide electrophysiological evidence that action errors during a go/no-go task can result either from sustained attention failures or from failures of response inhibition, and that these two processes are temporally and physiologically dissociable, although the behavioral error—a nonintended response—is the same. Thirteen right-handed participants performed a version of a go/no-go task in which stimuli were presented in a fixed and predictable order, thus encouraging attentional drift, and a second version in which an identical set of stimuli was presented in a random order, thus placing greater emphasis on response inhibition. Electrocortical markers associated with goal maintenance (late positivity, alpha synchronization) distinguished correct and incorrect performance in the fixed condition, whereas errors in the random condition were linked to a diminished N2–P3 inhibitory complex. In addition, the amplitude of the error-related negativity did not differ between correct and incorrect responses in the fixed condition, consistent with the view that errors in this condition do not arise from a failure to resolve response competition. Our data provide an electrophysiological dissociation of sustained attention and response inhibition.

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ERP CORE: An Open Resource for Human Event-Related Potential Research

10.31234/osf.io/4azqm ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Emily S. Kappenman ◽

Jaclyn Farrens ◽

Wendy Zhang ◽

Andrew X Stewart ◽

Steven J Luck

Keyword(s):

Data Processing ◽

Brain Activity ◽

A Priori ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Wide Range ◽

Experiment Control ◽

Related Potentials

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are noninvasive measures of human brain activity that index a range of sensory, cognitive, affective, and motor processes. Despite their broad application across basic and clinical research, there is little standardization of ERP paradigms and analysis protocols across studies. To address this, we created ERP CORE (Compendium of Open Resources and Experiments), a set of optimized paradigms, experiment control scripts, data processing pipelines, and sample data (N = 40 neurotypical young adults) for seven widely used ERP components: N170, mismatch negativity (MMN), N2pc, N400, P3, lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and error-related negativity (ERN). This resource makes it possible for researchers to 1) employ standardized ERP paradigms in their research, 2) apply carefully designed analysis pipelines and use a priori selected parameters for data processing, 3) rigorously assess the quality of their data, and 4) test new analytic techniques with standardized data from a wide range of paradigms.

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Brain Response to Unexpected Novel Noises in Children with Low and High Trait Anxiety

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.25 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Alexandra M. Hogan ◽

Elinor L. Butterfield ◽

Luke Phillips ◽

Julie A. Hadwin

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Self Report ◽

Behavioral Inhibition System ◽

Brain Response ◽

Oxford University ◽

Novelty P3 ◽

Related Potentials ◽

High Trait Anxiety ◽

Anxious Group

The behavioral inhibition system [Gray, J. A. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982] proposes that anxiety is associated with the processing of novel stimuli. We aimed to explore this relationship by recording auditory event-related potentials associated with unexpected novel noises in typically developing children. Children aged 10–14 years with low (n = 12) and high (n = 11) self-report trait anxiety were assessed using a novelty oddball task. The N1 associated with novel stimuli, specifically the “N1c” component maximal at temporal lobe sites, was of significantly longer latency (p = .014) and greater amplitude (p = .004) in the high compared with the low anxious group. This group difference was supported by linear correlations between N1c amplitude and trait anxiety scores. There was no effect of anxiety on the later novelty P3. These data suggest a subtle moderating role of trait anxiety on brain response to novelty, and further research with clinically anxious children is indicated.

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Risk and Resilience in an Acute Stress Paradigm: Evidence From Salivary Cortisol and Time-Frequency Analysis of the Reward Positivity

Clinical Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/2167702620917463 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 872-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paige Ethridge ◽

Nida Ali ◽

Sarah E. Racine ◽

Jens C. Pruessner ◽

Anna Weinberg

Keyword(s):

Frequency Band ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Risk And Resilience ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Reward Positivity ◽

Before And After ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Reward Responsivity

Both abnormal stress and reward responsivity are consistently linked to multiple forms of psychopathology; however, the nature of the associations between stress and reward sensitivity remains poorly understood. In the present study, we examined associations between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis stress response and event-related potentials sensitive to the receipt of reward-related feedback in a pre–post experimental paradigm. Neural responses were recorded while male participants completed a simple monetary-reward guessing task before and after the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Results demonstrated that acute psychosocial stress significantly reduced the magnitude of neural responses to feedback in the reward-sensitive delta-frequency band but not the loss-sensitive theta-frequency band. In addition, a larger delta-frequency response to rewards at baseline predicted reduced overall cortisol response in the stress condition. These findings suggest, therefore, that neural reward circuitry may be associated with both risk for and resilience to stress-related psychopathology.

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S46. IMPAIRED ERROR-PROCESSING IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: AN EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL STUDY

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S50-S50

Author(s):

Jihye Park ◽

Minah Kim ◽

Wu Jeong Hwang ◽

Jun Soo Kwon

Keyword(s):

Correct Response ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

First Episode Psychosis ◽

Electrode Site ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

First Episode ◽

Conflict Monitoring ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Episode Psychosis ◽

Related Potentials

Abstract Background Impaired error/conflict monitoring as reflected in the event-related potentials (ERPs) has consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, whether this impairment exist from the early phase of psychosis such as first-episode psychosis (FEP) is not yet been clearly reported. To investigate the presence of error/conflict monitoring deficit in early psychosis, we examined the error-related negativity (ERN), error-related positivity (Pe), and correct-response negativity (CRN) during the Go/Nogo task in the patients with FEP. Methods 25 patients with and 25 age, sex matched healthy controls (HCs) were participated in electroencephalographic recording during the Go/Nogo task. Trials with error response was analyzed to define ERN at Fz electrode site and Pe at Pz electrode site. Trials with correct response was used for CRN analysis at Fz electrode site. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the amplitudes of ERP components between FEP and HC groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship of altered ERP component with symptomatic severity in patients with schizophrenia. Results FEP patients showed significantly smaller ERN amplitude at Fz electrode site compared to HCs (t=-3.294, p=0.002). However, there was no difference of CRN (t=0.017, p=0.986) and Pe (t=1.806, p=0.077) amplitudes between FEP and HC groups. There was no significant correlation of symptomatic severity and ERN amplitude at Fz electrode site in FEP patients. Discussion These findings suggest that impairments in error/conflict monitoring as reflected by ERN amplitude exist from the early course of psychotic disorder. Future study with larger sample size and subjects at earlier phase such as clinical high risk for psychosis would be needed to confirm the findings of current study.

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The Relationship Between Responsiveness to Social and Monetary Rewards and ADHD Symptoms

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1041 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S635-S635

Author(s):

B. Sutcubasi Kaya ◽

B. Metin ◽

F.Z. Krzan ◽

N. Tarhan ◽

C. Tas

Keyword(s):

Event Related Potentials ◽

Reward Processing ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Monetary Rewards ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Competing Interest ◽

Almost All ◽

Age Range ◽

Social Rewards

IntroductionAlterations in reward processing are frequently reported in ADHD. One important factor that affects reward processing is the quality of reward, as social and monetary, rewards are processed by different neural networks. However, effect of reward type on reward processing in ADHD was not extensively studied.AimsWe aimed to explore the effect of reward type (i.e., social or monetary) on different phases of reward processing and also to test the hypothesis that ADHD symptoms may be associated with a problem in processing of social rewards.MethodsWe recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during a spatial attention paradigm in which cues heralded availability and type of the upcoming reward and feedbacks informed about the reward earned. Thirty-nine (19 males and 20 females) healthy individuals (age range: 19–27) participated in the study. ADHD symptoms were measured using ADHD self-report scale (ASRS).ResultsThe feedback related potentials, namely feedback related negativity (FRN), P200 and P300 amplitudes, were larger for social rewards compared to monetary rewards (Fig. 1). There was a consistent negative correlation between the hyperactivity subscale of ASRS and almost all feedback related ERPs. ERP amplitudes after social rewards were smaller for individuals with more hyperactivity.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that hypo responsiveness to social rewards may be associated with hyperactivity. However, the results have to be confirmed with clinical populations.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Affective and Semantic Valence Among Women

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2021.602192 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Luchun Wang ◽

Xiying Li ◽

Zhongling Pi ◽

Shuoqi Xiang ◽

Xuemei Yao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Test Scores ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Late Positive Potential ◽

Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽

Repeated Exposure ◽

Self Report ◽

Precentral Gyrus ◽

Affective Valence ◽

Positive Potential ◽

Related Potentials

As an important dimension of emotional assessment, valence can refer to affective valence reflecting an emotional response, or semantic valence reflecting knowledge about the nature of a stimulus. A previous study has used repeated exposure to separate these two similar cognitive processes. Here, for the first time, we compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of the affective and semantic modes of valence by combining event-related potentials with repeated exposure. Forty-seven female participants were assigned to the feeling-focused and semantic-focused groups and thereafter repeatedly viewed the pictures selected for the study. Self-report behavioral results showed that post-test scores were significantly lower than pre-test scores in the feeling-focused group, while the differences between the two tests were not significant in the semantic-focused group. At the neural level, N2 amplitudes decreased and early late positive potential amplitudes increased in both groups, suggesting that the participants perceived the repeated pictures more fluently and retrieved the traces of the stimulus spontaneously regardless of the valence they judged. However, the late positive potential amplitudes in anterior areas and the activity of the middle frontal gyrus were attenuated in the feeling-focused group; however, this component in posterior areas and the activity of the precentral gyrus were increased in the semantic-focused group. Therefore, the processes of affective and semantic valence are similar in the early stages of image perception and retrieval, while in the later stage of valence judgment, these processes show different brain activation patterns. The results provide electrophysiological evidence for the differences in psychological processes when judging the two modes of valence.

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