Rural poverty in Poland between the wars

Rural History ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kalinowski ◽  
Weronika Wyduba
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Employee Groups ◽  
First World ◽  
Ways Of Life ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Poverty is the consequence of not having sufficient income to sustain lives and ways of life. While there are many papers addressing poverty in today’s Poland, no comprehensive study was done to explain and describe rural poverty also in a historical aspect. Therefore, this article attempts to synthetically identify the patterns and particularities of rural poverty in Poland between the wars, and to present the multifaceted and diverse nature of Polish poverty in the initial years of national independence. The authors’ main objective is to indicate the changes in the scope of Polish poverty and to describe the adaptive mechanisms and the discomfort involved in the depreciation of needs. Before independence, the situation varied across the Polish territory. The relatively worst socio-economic conditions were experienced in Galicia due to absence of non-agricultural activities. The population of Prussian rural areas found themselves in a more advantageous situation because of industrial development and working outside agriculture. The situation of peasants was exacerbated by the destructive and resource-draining First World War, whereas rural misery was made even worse by the combination of unemployment and underdevelopment of the country. In the Second Polish Republic, the situation of the rural population did not improve even though the country made great progress at that time. Note that rural poverty varied across employee groups, with cultural and lifestyle differences, limited competences and passive attitudes playing an important role.

scholarly journals ‘A model co-operative country’: Irish–Finnish contacts at the turn of the twentieth century

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (160) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hilson
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
First World War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First World

AbstractAgricultural co-operative societies were widely discussed across late nineteenth-century Europe as a potential solution to the problems of agricultural depression, land reform and rural poverty. In Finland, the agronomist Hannes Gebhard drew inspiration from examples across Europe in founding the Pellervo Society, to promote rural cooperation, in 1899. He noted that Ireland’s ‘tragic history’, its struggle for national self-determination and the introduction of co-operative dairies to tackle rural poverty, seemed to offer a useful example for Finnish reformers. This article explores the exchanges between Irish and Finnish co-operators around the turn of the century, and examines the ways in which the parallels between the two countries were constructed and presented by those involved in these exchanges. I will also consider the reasons for the divergence in the development of cooperation, so that even before the First World War it was Finland, not Ireland, that had begun to be regarded as ‘a model co-operative country’.

Congress in Decline: Bengal, 1930 to 1939

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Political Action ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Indian Politics ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Provincial Councils ◽  
First World ◽  
Constitutional Changes

During the twenty years after the First World War, Indian politics were moulded by two main forces, each of which drew strength from the other. Important constitutional changes devolved a range of powers to Indians. But the British did not plan these reforms of 1919 and 1935 as stages by which they would quit India, bag and baggage, but rather as adjustments in the methods of keeping their Indian connection while retaining intact most of its fundamental advantages. At the centre of government in India, the powers of the Raj were increased; in the provinces more and more authority was entrusted to Indians. This system canalized much of Indian political action into the provinces. Moreover, by placing the new provincial administrations upon greatly widened electorates, it gave the Raj a further range of collaborators, selected now for their mastery of vote-gathering. The reforms of 1919 provoked another seminal development. By widening the functions of local government bodies in municipalities and the rural areas, which were to be chosen by the same voters who elected the new provincial councils, they linked the politics of the localities more closely to the politics of the province.

scholarly journals El mundo al instante. Noticias de prensa sobre Colombia y Panamá durante la Primera Guerra Mundial

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Guillermo Rivadeneira Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
First World ◽  
Determinant Factor

ResumenSe propone un recorrido que analiza la manera como la prensa colombiana brindaba información sobre los sucesos de la guerra, de manera especial en lo que concernía a las presiones para que Colombia y otras naciones latinoamericanas abandonaran la neutralidad. Desde una perspectiva política y económica se expone el desarrollo industrial de Gran Bretaña, Alemania y Francia, buscando explicar la guerra comercial que produjo determinaciones geo-estratégicas, como el uso del Canal de Panamá como enclave desde el cual se controlaba el tránsito marítimo de navíos y supuestos submarinos, elementos que se constituyeron en un factor determinante para imprimirle terror a los aliados.Palabras clave: Primera Guerra mundial, Prensa, Colombia, Canal de Panamá**********************************************************The World right now Press news about Colombia and Panama during the First World WarAbstractWe propose an overview that analyses how the Colombian press provided information about the war events, in the special way in which it makes pressure to Colombia and other Latin-American nations in order to abandon the neutrality. Since a political and economical perspective we expose the industrial development of Great Britain, Germany and France, searching a commercial explanation that produced geo-strategies determinations, as the use of Panamá channel like a enclave from where it was controlled the maritime transit of vessels and supposed submarines, elements which were constituted as a determinant factor to impose terror on the allies. Key words: First World War, Press, Colombia, Panama Channel.**********************************************************O mundo agora. Notícias de imprensa sobre a Colômbia e o Panamá durante a Primeira Guerra MundialResumoPropõe-se aqui analisar a forma como a imprensa colombiana informava sobre os acontecimentos da guerra, especialmente no que se refere às pressões para que a Colômbia e outras nações latino-americanas abandonassem a neutralidade. Em perspectiva política e econômica se expõe o desenvolvimento industrial da Grã-Bretanha, Alemanha e França, buscando explicar a guerra comercial que produziu determinações geo-estratégicas, como o uso do Canal do Panamá como enclave a partir do qual se controlava o trânsito de navios e supostos submarinos, elementos que se constituíram num fator determinante para produzir terror entre os aliados.Palavras-chave: Primeira Guerra Mundial, Imprensa, Colômbia, Canal do Panamá.

scholarly journals RESOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF REFUGEES FROM OCCUPIED TERRITORIES DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF TVER GOVERNMENT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (05) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
A.E. Andreev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the activities of the Tver provincial institutions in solving the problems of refugees from the occupied territories during the First World War. In connection with wartime conditions, the list of tasks for the provincial institutions has increased significantly. The problems with refugees were multifaceted: providing them with housing, food, work, medical assistance. It was necessary to take additional sanitary measures and expand the network of medical institutions, which was impossible without the assistance of officials of administrative institutions. The conditions for refugees in urban and rural areas were completely different, but inflation and popular discontent were present everywhere.

scholarly journals Zapach wojny i gór. Huculi i Huculszczyzna w międzywojennej literaturze polskiej o tematyce współczesnej (część I)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 257-276
Author(s):  
Jagoda Wierzejska
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Native Land ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
National Memory ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Cultural Reality ◽  
First World ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article is the first part of a comprehensive study on representations of Hutsuls and the Hutsul region in the interwar Polish literature, which showed them during the First World War and the wars for the borders of the Second Polish Republic, as well as in the 1920s and 1930s. The article discuses, first and foremost, literary visions of Hutsuls and their native land in the wartime. It argues that these visions were deeply affected by war events that took place in the Eastern Carpathians in 1914–1915, when Polish soldiers from the 2nd and 3rd Legions Infantry Regiments fought with Russians and occasionally cooperated with some military volunteers recruited from the Hutsul community. The interwar Polish literature showed the Eastern Carpathians as a space where Polish soldiers’ bravery and dedication to the national cause were distinctly manifested. It also described and, as a matter of fact, exaggerated acts of fraternization between Polish legionnaires and the Hutsuls. This way the Polish literature imposed an important, patriotic significance to the Hutsul region and strengthened its position in the Polish national memory. Simultaneously, it showed the whole Hutsul community as allies of Poles in the fight for independence. This literary approach suggested that Hutsuls had their own history and cultural reality that differed from the Ukrainian one but fit in well with the history and contemporary times of Poles.

Belgian Government Policy and the Petite Bourgeoisie (1918–40)

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Heyrman
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
First World War ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Petite Bourgeoisie ◽  
Late Start ◽  
First World ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Historical research into the petite bourgeoisie in Belgium did not begin until quite a bit later than it did abroad. On closer inspection, that was no bad thing. Because of the late start by Belgian historians, they were more open-minded and less inclined towards the research into the roots of Fascism which was largely based on pre-war sociological theories. Beginning in 1980, pioneering research was carried out at the Université Libre de Bruxelles – for the most part on the period before the First World War. The research group under the direction of Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk systematically analysed several important series of sources and produced interesting detailed studies. In 1993 Serge Jaumain published a comprehensive study on Belgian retail trade in the period from 1880 to 1914.

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