scholarly journals Theatres of Closure: Process and Performance in Inhumation Burial Rites in Early Medieval Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-412
Author(s):  
Sue Harrington ◽  
Stuart Brookes ◽  
Sarah Semple ◽  
Andrew Millard

Inhumation burials are recorded in Britain and Europe during excavations in a standardized way, especially graves of early medieval date. Just a limited number of attributes are usually foregrounded and these mainly concern skeletal identification, the grave plan and, when a burial is furnished, a list of objects, particularly metalwork, as well as occasional reference to burial structures, if present. In this paper, we argue that concealed within these recorded details are attributes that often receive little attention, but which can provide evidence for community investment in the individual funerary rite. These include grave orientation, grave morphology, the body position and the empty spaces in the grave, as well as categories of material culture. We argue here that these factors enable us to define communal burial profiles and can facilitate the identification of group perceptions and actions in dealing with death. By capitalizing on these additional aspects of funerary ritual, archaeologists can move away from a general dependency on well-furnished burials as the main stepping-off point for discussion of social and cultural issues. This has particular relevance for regions where unfurnished burial rites are the norm and where furnished rites do not rely on a wealth of metalwork.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-32
Author(s):  
Adriana Zavala

María Magdalena Campos-Pons (b. 1959, Matanzas, Cuba) is a Cuban artist with Yoruba (Nigerian), Chinese, and Spanish roots. She is also a black US-based artist. Known for performative and installation-based work as well as photography, paintings, and videos in which her body functions as resource, medium, and site, she has recently turned to more metaphorical representations of the body. History and memory, as well as the ritual (Lucumí or Santería) and material culture of her enslaved Nigerian and indentured Chinese ancestors brought to Cuba in the nineteenth century to work in the island’s sugar plantation system, have been key touchstones for her work. Since the 1990s she has frequently employed sugar as a material for critically exploring the complex workings of colonialism. Alchemy of the Soul, Elixir for the Spirits, commissioned by the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, in 2015, is the most recent of her sugar works. The installation explored, metaphorically, the distillation of New England rum from Cuban sugar. This paper examines it in relation to Campos-Pons’s persistent interests, such as forced removal, migration, trade networks, memory, Lucumí/Santería, mestizaje, transculturation, and racism. It also examines the installation’s site to argue that the work explores black being in distinct but interrelated contexts: Cuba and New England. A powerful conjunction of objects, site, and performance, the work directed attention to a New England exceptionalism that persists in framing slavery’s violence as elsewhere. RESUMEN María Magdalena Campos-Pons (n. 1959, Matanzas, Cuba) es una artista cubana de ascendencia yoruba (nigeriana), china y española. Es también una artist negra en los estados unidos. Estas y otras identidades trianguladas forman la base de sus treinta años de carrera artística. Conocida por su trabajo performativo y basado en la instalación, así como por la fotografía, la pintura y el video en que su cuerpo funciona como recurso, medio y sitio, se ha dedicado últimamente a representaciones más metafóricas del cuerpo. La historia y la memoria, así como el ritual (Lucumí o Santería) y la cultura material de sus antepasados ​​nigerianos y chinos esclavizados, que fueron traídos a Cuba en el siglo XIX para trabajar en las plantaciones de azúcar de la isla, han sido elementos clave de su trabajo. Desde la década de 1990, ha empleado con frecuencia el azúcar como un material para explorar críticamente el complejo sistema del colonialismo. La instalación Alchemy of the Soul, Elixir for the Spirits, que fue encargada por el Peabody Essex Museum, en Salem, MA en 2015, es la más reciente de las obras azucareras de Campos-Pons. La instalación exploró metafóricamente la destilación del ron de Nueva Inglaterra a partir del azúcar cubano. Este artículo explora Alchemy of the Soul, Elixir for the Spirits en relación con los sitios discursivos de Campos-Pons (expulsión forzada, migración, redes de comercio, memoria, Lucumí/Santería, mestizaje (mezcla etno-racial), transculturación, racismo). También examina el sitio de la instalación para defender la tesis de que la obra explora el ser negro en contextos distintos pero interrelacionados: Cuba y Nueva Inglaterra. Como conjunto de objetos, sitio y performance, el proyecto también llamó la atención sobre la Nueva Inglaterra y el excepcionalismo del norte, que sigue pensando la violencia de la escalvitud como algo ajeno. RESUMO María Magdalena Campos-Pons (n. 1959, Matanzas, Cuba) é uma artista cubana com raízes iorubás (nigerianas), chinesas e espanholas. Ela também é uma artista norte-americana negra. Essas e outras identidades trianguladas estão no centro de sua prática artística há 30 anos. Conhecida pela utilização de performance e instalação, assim como fotografia, pintura e vídeo, nos quais seu corpo funciona como recurso, meio e local, ela voltou-se recentemente para representações mais metafóricas do corpo. História e memória – bem como o ritual (Lucumí ou Santería) e a cultura material de seus antepassados ​​escravos nigerianos e escravos trazidos para Cuba no século 19 para trabalhar no sistema de plantação de cana da ilha – foram fundamentais para seu trabalho. Desde a década de 1990, ela frequentemente emprega o açúcar como um material para explorar criticamente o complexo funcionamento do colonialismo. A instalação de Campos-Pons, Alchemy of the Soul, Elixir for the Spirits, comissionada pelo Peabody Essex Museum, em Salem, Massachusetts, em 2015, é a mais recente das suas obras de açúcar. A instalação explorou, metaforicamente, a destilação do rum da Nova Inglaterra a partir do açúcar cubano. Este artigo explora Alchemy of the Soul, Elixir for the Spirits em relação aos sítios discursivos de Campos-Pons – remoção forçada, migração, redes de comércio, memória, Lucumí/Santería, mestizaje (mistura étnico-racial), transculturação, racismo. Ele também examina o local da instalação para argumentar que o trabalho explora o ser negro em contextos distintos, mas inter-relacionados: Cuba e Nova Inglaterra. Como uma conjunção de objetos, local e performance, dirigiu atenção, também, para uma Nova Inglaterra ou para o excepcionalismo do norte que persiste em enquadrar a violência da escravidão como situada em outros lugares.


Author(s):  
Hana Černohorská ◽  
Eva Sobotková ◽  
Martina Kosťuková ◽  
Iveta Bihuncová ◽  
Ivana Oravcová

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the breed of sire and line of sire on grading of the body conformation and performance of colts of warmblood horses in rearing facilities for testing young horses (RFT). The groundwork database contained data from 2001 to 2011 from nine RFT’s. The database was processed statistically using the GLM method to assess the statistical significance of the effect of the breed of the sire and line of the sire on body conformation and performance of the colts. By multiple comparisons of the individual effects using the Tukey-B method we discovered statistically significant differences in the body conformation and performance of colts of sires among the respective breeds and lines. The performance of the offspring of Dutch warmblood, Hanoverian horse and Holsteiner horse sires is better than of the offspring of sires of the Thoroughbred, Czech warmblood and Selle Francais. The conformation of the offspring by sires of the Holsteiner horse and Hanoverian horse breeds is superior to that of offspring by sires of the Selle Francais and Czech warmblood. The mechanics of movement of the offspring of the 2300 Shagya XVIII-Báb. line is inferior to the offspring of the following lines: 3100 Adeptus xx, 67 Dark Ronald, 1000 Der Lowe xx, 3250 Dwinger 3257, 4800 Ladykiller xx, Orange Peel xx – Alme Z, 1100 Przedswit VI-Rad., 4900 Rantzau xx – Cor De La Bryere, 4600 Rittersporn xx – Ramzes 4028, 60 St. Simon and 88 Teddy. The effect of the line of the sires on the body conformation of colts has not been proved.


Author(s):  
Priya A. Thomas

The term ‘yoga’ refers to a heterogeneous matrix of philosophies and practices that originated in India and developed into a school of thought sometime between 150 and 500 C. E. Reinterpreted and redacted in multiple religious traditions over the course of its two-thousand-year history, yoga’s dynamic and discontinuous textual and performance traditions are far from monolithic. Modern yoga – a predominantly corporeal practice of postures and breathing techniques – developed in India in the 1920s and is not considered to be a direct successor of yoga’s classical or medieval traditions. Rather, modern yoga’s physical reinventions are emblematic of the accretions and innovations that attended India’s colonial and postcolonial relationship to transnational modernities. A reconfiguration of existing indigenous traditions vis-à-vis transnational influences, modern yoga is the embodiment of hybrid discourses including, but not limited to, the international physical culture movement; the growth of scientific and medicalized discourses of the body; Secularism; the doctrine of progress; Esotericism both in the East and the West; and transnational mobility and migrations of diaspora. In this way, modern yoga’s encounter with multiple modernities reshaped its theoretical and corporeal dispositions, forging a performance practice based on the individual accumulation of physical techniques for psychosomatic health, fitness, and personal development.


2018 ◽  
Vol III (I) ◽  
pp. 353-361
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zia Ul Haq ◽  
Muhammad Badar Habib ◽  
Muhammad Nazeer

This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the anthropometric measure and kinematic of pull shot. Eighteen cricket batsmen were recruited for data collection. The variables were recorded as stature, body mass, skinfolds, girths, bone lengths, breadths and physical strengths. The pull shots were recorded with two video cameras and Aerial Performance Analysis System (APAS) software for the kinematic of the pull shot. All kinematic were not significantly correlated with the pull shot performance except the bat angle. It was concluded that the girths and breadths of upper and lower limbs are associated with higher perforamnce of pull shot at the moment of batball contact. The wider arms help to maintain the body position to execute a successful pull shot. The extension of the knee, hip and elbows assist batsmen to keep body position against the short of length ball for an accurate pull shot.


2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-614
Author(s):  
Romedio Schmitz-Esser

Summary Frederick III and the Presence of the Absent Ruler This article takes as a point of departure the frequent use of Emperor Frederick III’s well-known motto „AEIOV“. It will examine this usage to direct closer scrutiny to the role that material culture played in the practice of rulership during the 15th century. It argues that the Emperor’s well-attested love for precious stones, relics and reliquiaries, for building projects, portraits, medals, and treasure pieces was central to his idea of rulership. Moving beyond the traditional view that only Frederick’s personal taste could explain his extensive love for precious items, and refuting the idea that the rise of the individual is the best master-narrative for understanding our sources, the article highlights the novelty of using material culture for establishing presence in the ruler’s often long absences. Cultural historians have emphasized the importance of ritual and performance for pre-modern rulership. Therefore, the king’s or emperor’s absence left a gap that objects could fill: In showing the ruler as St Christopher, naming his motto or showing his coat of arms, in bringing forward his clothes or the carriages the court had used in an adventus, the ruler’s presence was established, remembered, and promised for the future. In using the material culture of his time in this way, Frederick was able to mitigate one of the weak points in his dominion. Its relatively widespread, heterogeneous, and multicentral character necessarily prohibited him from being at all major centres of the Habsburg lands at the same time. Thus, Frederick initiated a new technique of rulership in absence that not only had its root in the wider cultural context of the late Middle Ages, where discourses of presence started to dominate nearly all aspects of society, but also marked the beginning of a development that led to the all-present portraiture of the early modern world. Understudied and almost unnoticed so far, this article brings a major aspect of pre-modern culture to the fore.


Author(s):  
Mark Coeckelbergh

Abstract Social robots are designed to facilitate interaction with humans through “social” behavior. As literature in the field of human–robot interaction shows, this sometimes leads to “bad” behavior towards the robot or “abuse” of the robot. Virtue ethics offers a helpful way to capture the intuition that although nobody is harmed when a robot is “mistreated”, there is still something wrong with this kind of behavior: it damages the moral character of the person engaging in that behavior, especially when it is habitual. However, one of the limitations of current applications of virtue ethics to robots and technology is its focus on the individual and individual behavior and insufficient attention to temporal and bodily aspects of virtue. After positioning its project in relation to the work of Shannon Vallor and Robert Sparrow, the present paper explores what it would mean to interpret and apply virtue ethics in a more social and relational way and a way that takes into account the link between virtue and the body. In particular, it proposes (1) to use the notion of practice as a way to conceptualize how the individual behavior, the virtue of the person, and the technology in question are related to their wider social-practical context and history, and (2) to use the notions of habit and performance conceptualize the incorporation and performance of virtue. This involves use of the work of MacIntyre, but revised by drawing on Bourdieu’s notion of habit in order to highlight the temporal, embodiment, and performative aspect of virtue. The paper then shows what this means for thinking about the moral standing of social robots, for example for the ethics of sex robots and for evaluating abusive behaviors such as kicking robots. The paper concludes that this approach does not only give us a better account of what happens when people behave “badly” towards social robots, but also suggests a more comprehensive virtue ethics of technology that is fully relational, performance-oriented, and able to not only acknowledges but also theorize the temporal and bodily dimension of virtue.


2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 2973-2977 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jarchow ◽  
M. Wirz ◽  
T. Haslwanter ◽  
V. Dietz ◽  
D. Straumann

The perception of body position is mainly mediated by otolith information and visual cues. It has been shown, however, that proprioceptive sources are also involved. To distinguish between the contributions of the vestibular and nonvisual extra-vestibular information to graviception, we tested the effects of a stimulus that leaves the vestibular input unchanged but modifies the information from sense organs located more caudal along the trunk. This was achieved by bringing subjects into a horizontal ear-down position and rotating them around an earth-vertical axis that coincided with the interaural axis. In this paradigm, through centrifugal force, the stimulation of the vestibular and the putative extravestibular graviceptive organs in the body becomes dissociated. Healthy subjects ( n = 14) and paraplegic patients with lesions between T4 and T8 ( n = 7) adjusted themselves to the perceived horizontal right-ear down body position under two conditions: one with constant velocity rotation (ROT, velocity =120°/s) around the earth-vertical axis of the turntable, and one without rotation (BASE). Among healthy subjects, the individual differences between BASE and ROT varied widely in both the feet-up or feet-down direction. In contrast, adjustments in paraplegic patients during ROT were always in the feet-down direction compared with BASE. A model with two extravestibular graviceptive sensors could explain our results: one sensor is located rostral to T4, and the other is caudal to T8. A load on the rostral graviceptor is interpreted as a tilt of the body in the feet-up direction and shifts the adjustments of perceived body position feet-down; a load on the caudal receptor is interpreted as a tilt in the feet-down direction and shifts the perceived body position feet-up. During ROT, healthy subjects solve the discrepant inputs of both extravestibular graviceptors in a highly variable manner, while paraplegic subjects show less variability because they are restricted to only the rostral graviceptor.


2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1175-1184
Author(s):  
Sławomir Pietrzak ◽  
Tomasz Próchniak ◽  
Katarzyna Kozak-Jurek ◽  
Angelika Zapała

Abstract Breeding value of sport horses in Poland is estimated on the basis of, among others, results of the 100-day performance test of young stallions in the training centres. However recently, a drastic decrease has been reported in the number of stallions undergoing this way of assessment in Poland with an increase in foreign breeds in equestrian competitions. The objective of the study was to determine variability level of stallion traits evaluated in the training centres and to identify factors affecting stallion performance value assessment during the stationary performance test. The study included 503 stallions subjected to the 100-day training followed by the performance test in the years 2004-2013 at the training centres. There were computed statistical characteristics of 16 performance traits which were scored by the trainer of the training centre, judging commission and test riders. Influence of identified factors on each evaluation was established using the GLM procedure. The rank correlations served to estimate phenotypic interdependencies between the scores and performance value indices. It was stated that the studied group of stallions showed low variation within the body basic measurements and the conformation correctness evaluated on the 100-point scale was also found within an average value (78.86 pts), quite close to minimum value for young stallions in Poland (78 pts). The highest variation was observed for the scores given by the test riders and the main factor differentiating the performance value of horses was their origin-breed group. The horses of the German breeds (HANN, OLDBG, HOLST) earned the highest scores, while Wielkopolska horses got the lowest scores for performance test. Insufficient consistency between the individual evaluation made by the trainer of training centre and the judging commission may imply completely different period of assessment (trainer - 100 days, judging commission - 2 days) or unsatisfactory competencies of examiners.


2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Paweł Kiełbasa ◽  
Tomasz Dróżdż ◽  
Marcin Tomasik ◽  
Stanisław Lis ◽  
Sabina Romańczyk

The purpose on the thesis is the analyses to determine the impact of the type of physical activity associated with the selected production process on the size and structure of the static load of the human musculoskeletal system by work. On the basis of a time-lapse analysis postural changes of employee was analyzed. The load on the musculoskeletal system of the employee was determined using the OWAS method. In all the cases of physical work analyzed, the positions of the individual elements of the body were imposed due to the character of the activities performed. The attitude of the employee's body position during the work can qualify for the first and second load categories. There is no need to make sudden changes at the workstation but it may be necessary in the future.


2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Wellner ◽  
E. Voth ◽  
H. Schicha ◽  
K. Weber

Summary Aim: The influence of physiological and pharmacological amounts of iodine on the uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid was examined in a 4-compartment model. This model allows equations to be derived describing the distribution of tracer iodine as a function of time. The aim of the study was to compare the predictions of the model with experimental data. Methods: Five euthyroid persons received stable iodine (200 μg, 10 mg). 1-123-uptake into the thyroid was measured with the Nal (Tl)-detector of a body counter under physiological conditions and after application of each dose of additional iodine. Actual measurements and predicted values were compared, taking into account the individual iodine supply as estimated from the thyroid uptake under physiological conditions and data from the literature. Results: Thyroid iodine uptake decreased from 80% under physiological conditions to 50% in individuals with very low iodine supply (15 μg/d) (n = 2). The uptake calculated from the model was 36%. Iodine uptake into the thyroid did not decrease in individuals with typical iodine supply, i.e. for Cologne 65-85 μg/d (n = 3). After application of 10 mg of stable iodine, uptake into the thyroid decreased in all individuals to about 5%, in accordance with the model calculations. Conclusion: Comparison of theoretical predictions with the measured values demonstrated that the model tested is well suited for describing the time course of iodine distribution and uptake within the body. It can now be used to study aspects of iodine metabolism relevant to the pharmacological administration of iodine which cannot be investigated experimentally in humans for ethical and technical reasons.


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