Making Anti-Fascism Transnational: The Origins of Communist and Socialist Articulations of Resistance in Europe, 1923–1924

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
KASPER BRASKÉN
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
The Third ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Third Reich

Conventionally, the starting point of socialist and communist resistance to fascism in Europe and the creation of a European ‘culture of anti-fascism’ is dated to the 1930s in the context of the establishment of the Third Reich in 1933 and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. The hypothesis of the article is that the initiatives and debates of 1923 played a pivotal role in the creation of the transnational anti-fascist movement that transferred cultures of anti-fascism across borders in Europe and the world. The aim of the article is to analyse the first, but hitherto forgotten, efforts to make anti-fascism a transnational phenomenon in the early 1920s. Further, the article will discuss whether there are clear continuities or discontinuities in the anti-fascist articulations of 1923 and the ones created after 1933.

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

scholarly journals The repositories of the Prussian State Library collection in Lower Silesia during the World War II

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Jarosław Robert Kudelski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
World War ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
State Library ◽  
Lower Silesia

German cultural institutions had been conducting preparations to secure their collections in the event of a war since mid-1930s. The Prussian State Library, the holdings of which included the most precious German manuscripts and prints, was one of those institutions. Air attacks carried out on the capital of the Third Reich triggered the decision to evacuate the collection to Thüringen, Brandenburg, Pomerania and Lower Silesia. Largest deposits had been located in the latter. The unique heritage items stored there included medieval manuscripts, prayer books, music autographs and newspaper yearbooks as well as letters and private documents of many prominent representatives of German culture and art. Those items were evacuated, among other places, to Fürstenstein (Książ) Gießmannsdorf (Gościszów), Gröditzburg (Grodziec), Grüssau (Krzeszów), Fischbach (Karpniki) and Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra). The evacuation was conducted in cooperation with the heritage conservator for Lower Silesia, professor Günther Grundmann. With his assistance, in the course of a few years, a unique collection was created in Lower Silesia. Towards the end of the war the collection was deprived of proper care, as the authorities lacked resources to secure it. This resulted in the destruction of some items during military actions. The remaining parts of the collection had been taken over by Polish officials and were transferred to library collections in Krakow, Warszawa, Olsztyn, Toruń, Lublin and Łódź.

Carin Fock-Göring’s Gravestone: Tracing the Legacy of the Swedish First Lady of the Third Reich

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Patrick Wen
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Public Image ◽  
First Lady ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Third Reich

This chapter takes a long view of the dynamic role played by the image of Carin Fock-Goering within the Nazi imagination before, during and after the Third Reich. Exploring and interrogating various constructions of imagined Swedishness and Aryanness within the Nazi propaganda machine, the chapter sheds light on the problematic, multivalent, mythologizing discourses surrounding the creation of the Fock “legend.” Her public image first functions as a paragon of total fealty to the Fuehrer and as a quasi-First Lady of the regime in the absence of a Mrs. Hitler. Fock’s curious posthumous legacy as an elevated and almost saintly ideal of womanhood within the Reich reveals much about how Sweden and Swedishness were imagined by the Third Reich. The postwar trajectory of the Fock “legend” signals a more overt expression of Sontag’s notion of “fascinating fascism” as seen through the macabre and highly fetishized fascination with and itinerary of her remains.

Art and Politics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joes Segal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Diego Rivera ◽  
Art And Politics ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

In Art and Politics, Segal explores the collision of politics and art in seven enticing essays. The book explores the position of art and artists under a number of different political regimes of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, traveling around the world to consider how art and politics have interacted and influenced each other in different conditions. Joes Segal takes you on a journey to the Third Reich, where Emil Nolde supported the regime while being called degenerate; shows us Diego Rivera creating Marxist murals in Mexico and the United States for anti-Marxist governments and clients; ties Jackson Pollock's drip paintings in their Cold War context to both the FBI and the CIA; and considers the countless images of Mao Zedong in China as unlikely witnesses of radical political change.

On Hostile Soil: Spanish Republican Diplomats in Berlin at the Onset of the Spanish Civil War

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO MORENTE
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

German intervention in the Spanish Civil War was decisive for its development and result. Traditionally scholars have focused their attention on the support given by the Third Reich to the military rebels; however, they have widely neglected the study of the relationship between Germany and the Spanish Republic during the first four months of the war, when both countries maintained diplomatic relations. This paper aims at exploring a crucial aspect of that historical period, namely the circumstances of the Spanish diplomats in Berlin during those first four months, and the strategies that the German and the Spanish governments carried out in the harsh diplomatic battle that they ended up fighting. The author explains the difficult working conditions of the Spanish diplomats who were loyal to the Republic and stayed in Berlin in July 1936, when most of their colleagues deserted. Finally, he explores how the German Foreign Affairs Department, in collaboration with the Gestapo, managed to restrain the Spanish Republic diplomatic action in Germany.

scholarly journals Hitler’s Downfall and the Collapse of the Thousand Years Reich: Multi Fronts and Incapable Allies

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Baig
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Almost All

AbstractThe downfall of Adolf Hitler was a significant development in the history of the world. His armies conquered almost all of Europe in a dramatic span of time by the employment of Blitzkrieg tactics. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Hitler assisted General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later, while still fighting on the Western front, Hitler ordered the Afrika Korps to assist Italians in Northern Africa and in the Balkans region and finally launched Operation Barbarossa by invading the Soviet Union. The Anti-Comintern Pact, Pact of Steel and Tripartite Pact brought the Third Reich, the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Italy onto one page. This paper attempts to probe the multiple fronts and the efficacy of Hitler’s allies including Japan, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Croatia and to try and find the causes behind the downfall of one of the strongest men the world has ever seen from a theoretical perspective. This research did not intend to glorify Hitler or Nazism, but focuses on how the maximization of power and the states’ actions with hegemonic aspirations triggered a balancing coalition and ultimately resulted in punishment from the system itself.

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