scholarly journals The U.S. Position in the Millennium Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiation

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Cathy S. McKinnell
Keyword(s):  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Potential Customers

Soon after the implementation of the Uruguay Round, U.S. agricultural exports reached their highest level. Now many things, including exchange rates, factor into any rise in exports, but almost all economists agree that lowering trade barriers through trade agreements has been a critical factor. The vast majority— 96 percent—of potential customers for U.S. products, including agricultural products, live outside the United States. We must work to increase our opportunities to sell into these global markets.

Impact of WTO's AOA on India's Trade in Agriculture

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
Gatt Round ◽  
History Of

The agreement on agriculture (AOA) forms a part of the final act of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiation, which was signed by the member's countries in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morocco and came into force on 1st January 1995.for the first time, agriculture features in a major way in the GATT round of multilateral trade negotiations. Although the original GATT- the predecessor of the World Trade organization (WTO) applied to trade in agriculture, various expectations to the disciplines on the use of non-tariff measures and subsidy meant that it did not do so effectively. The Uruguay round agreement sought to bring order and fair competition to this highly distorted sector of world trade by establishment of a fair and market oriented agriculture trading sector. Therefore the formation of the world trade organization (WTO) in January 1, 1995 as a successor organization for the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) was watershed event in the history of global trade reform.

What's at Stake for the LDCs, Now that the Uruguay Round Talks have been Suspended? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4I) ◽  
pp. 579-599
Author(s):  
Robert E. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Until negotiations collapsed in early December, the Uruguay Round gave promise of being the most significant multilateral trade negotiation since 1947, when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA TI) was implemented and tariffs levels of the industrial countries were sharply cut. There are at least three reasons for this conclusion. First, by agreeing at the outset to bring both agriculture and textiles under GATT discipline, the participants created the opportunity for both rich and poor agricultural exporting nations and relatively low-wage, newly industrializing LDCs to benefit significantly from GATT-sponsored trade negotiations. Prior to the Uruguay Round, the benefits to these countries of such negotiations had been limited, since these two sectors were excluded from any significant liberalization. Second, by agreeing to formulate new rules relating to trade in services, trade-related aspects of· intellectual property rights, and trade-related investment issues, members took an important step in modernizing the GATT. As economic globalization has accelerated, there is a growing realization that arms-length merchandise transactions, the traditional concern of the GATT, are only one aspect of the real-side economic relations of current concern to national policy-makers and the economic interests they represent Now international commercial activities also involve merchandise trade among multinational firms and their foreign affiliates, international trade in services among independent agents as well as among affiliated enterprises, foreign direct investment activities, production nf goods and services in foreign affiliates for sale either abroad or at home, international flows of technology, and temporary movements of labour across borders. Although the so-called new issues in the Uruguay Round do not cover all of these matters, they go a considerable way in making the GATT more relevant for dealing with the problems of increasing internationalization.

Die WTO auf dem Prüfstand: Zur Notwendigkeit einer Millennium-Runde

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hindley ◽  
Heinz Hauser ◽  
Ulrich Hiemenz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
New Millennium

AbstractThis economic policy forum addresses the subject “New Challenges for the WTO: Do we need a Millennium Round?”. Brian Hindley has serious doubts whether the Millennium-Round should be revived. While the EU suggests that an agreement on competition policy should be essential for new multilateral trade negotiations, the Departement of Justice which administers competition policy in the US is less enthusiastic about the idea. The same applies to rules on investment. The author discusses both aspects of the EU’s extended agenda proposals and comes to the conclusion, that what is left is a rag bag. A bag that contains some useful issues, some dubious ones, some downright bad ones, but without enough content to fuel a credible multilateral trade negotiation. His conclusion is, that perhaps the case for multilateral agreements on competition policy and investment can be strengthened and if the Commission can do that, it should. The case for a Millennium Round based on the extended agenda is weak.In the opinion of Heinz Hauser, a new Millennium Round has a high potential to fail. The author discusses his hypothesis in three steps. First, he draws attention to the question, which conclusions can be seen from Seattle. Second, he analyses the political environment for a hypothetically new round. He wants to substantiate that the expected results of a new round would be more harmful than beneficial for a liberal world trade arrangement. In a third step Hauser makes clear that the compliance with the committments form the Uruguay Round is still unsatisfactory.The paper by Ulrich Hiemenz argues that a better integration of developing countries into the multilateral trading system is a key challenge at the beginning of the new millennium. He emphasises that a new round of multilateral trade negotiations launched under the auspices of the WTO would provide a window of opportunity for all participating countries to improve their living standards through better market access, greater domestic efficiency and higher productivity. Developing countries could even benefit more from further trade liberalisation than industrialised countries, provided they implement the domestic policy reforms necessary to capture these benefits.

scholarly journals United States Perspective: Southern Agriculture and the World Economy: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World

The current “Uruguay Round” of trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) began with the Declaration by trade ministers at Punta del Este, Uruguay, in September 1986. To conduct the negotiations, an agricultural negotiating group, along with fourteen other such groups, has been established. Negotiating proposals on agriculture have been offered by the Nordic Countries, the European Community (EC), Canada, the Cairns group, Japan, and the United States.

scholarly journals Multilateral Determinants of Regionalism: The Effects of GATT/WTO on the Formation of Preferential Trading Arrangements

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Mansfield ◽  
Eric Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Preferential Trading ◽  
Preferential Trading Arrangements

AbstractPreferential trading arrangements (PTAs) have spread widely over the past fifty years. During the same era, multilateral openness has grown to unprecedented heights, spurred by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). If the cornerstone of the manifestly successful multilateral regime is nondiscrimination, why have its members increasingly resorted to preferential liberalization? We argue that developments at the heart of GATT/WTO encourage its members to form PTAs as devices to obtain bargaining leverage within the multilateral regime. Specifically, the growth in GATT/WTO membership, the periodic multilateral trade negotiation rounds, as well as participation and, especially, losses in formal GATT/WTO disputes, have led its members to seek entrance into PTAs. Conducting the first statistical tests on the subject, we find strong evidence in support of this argument.

scholarly journals Non-Tariff Measures And Industrial Nation Imports Of Agricultural Products

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
Don P. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Agricultural Reform ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractTrade coverage ratios were calculated to assess the 1989 incidence of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on imports of agricultural products by major industrial nations. Overall, 36 percent of all food items were found to be covered by one or more NTM in the European Community. Corresponding figures for Japan and the United States were 59 and 17 percent, respectively. Imports of agricultural products confront a wide variety of NTMs in markets of industrial nations. Results of the analysis were used to shed light on prospects for reaching agreements on agricultural reform issues in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations.

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