The Janus Face of Agricultural Policies, Kisans and Sethias: Local and Global

Indian agriculture is at a crossroads. We can plan out the phasing of reforms or force the pace and mess up the process. The Supreme Court had taken a practical stand on the Farm Trade Laws—implement them after consultation and with a well-defined framework spelt out. They had also appointed an expert amicus curiae. But this was not acceptable to the agitating farmer organisations in view of the stated views the experts had. It is possible that experts can re-examine their position as the Court said, but not highly probable. So going back to direct negotiations led to the stand the government has taken of holding the laws in abeyance for a year or a year-and-a-half. This will provide time for discussion of the details of agricultural reform which was needed since the laws were passed in a hurry on a single day. To begin with, it has to be understood that in a continental country one-size-fits-all will not work. The policy bind India is in is therefore a difficult one, even if the arguments are not ideologically anti-trade or those that lack policy interest. If a feasible alternate transitional policy set exists, a sensible approach would be to try to establish a roadmap of economic policies for, say a few major crops, and see if feasible alternatives exist.

AGRICULTURAL REFORM IN UZBEKISTAN

В статье приведен обзор проводимых аграрных реформ в Узбекистане. Рассмотрены вопросы либерализации аграрного сектора, создания кластерной системы, формирования многопрофильных фермерских хозяйств, а также принятые меры по поддержке экспортеров плодоовощной продукции.

The impact of subtle resistance to regional crop specialization: The case of maize farming in Rugeramigozi Marsh-Rwanda

In the framework of the professionalization of the agricultural sector in Rwanda, a number of agricultural reforms including regional crop specialization, mono-cropping, use of improved seeds and chemical fertilisers among others have been initiated and have substantially contributed to the increase of agricultural products at the Rwandan local market. Even though the reform outcomes were promising, smallholder farmers had at the outset of the reform implementation opposed to the way crops were selected for their marshland and their reaction has influenced the reform implementation. This article explores the experience smallholder farmers have gone through during the initiation of new selected crops for their marshland, their reactions to the use of the mandatory seeds and the impact of their reactions. Findings reveal that farmers‘ discontents have slowed down cultivating maize because their preferred crop – the rice – considered more profitable was disregarded. To deter the implementation of growing maize, smallholder farmers have used strategic defiance in form of subtle argumentation, strategic silence, strategic apathy or indifference, ironical strategy among others and the impact of their stratagems have led to the amendment of the decision of growing undesirable crop(s) in their marshland. The latest data collected in October 2017 and January 2018 reveal clearly the blurred intentions behind farmers‘ reactions observed during the 2010 – 2012 research – they bring to light what they didn‘t dare to disclose then. This article shows finally that in any agricultural reform design, planners should consider all aspects upholding smallholder farmers‘ advantages and these are identifiable only if they participate proactively in the reform planning and implementation phases.

شنگال ( سنجار) 1921-1980 دراسة في تعريب المنطقة من قبل الحكومات العراقية

Sinjar 1921-1980A Study in a Regional Arabisation Policy by the Government of Iraq.Sinjar is considered to be one of the ancient Kurdish cities . Sinjar is located at the southern end of Mount Sinjar, in the Euphrates region, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers .as Resulting from its strategic geographical location it has become the focus of attention of many conflicting powers regarding regional control .After the British occupation of Iraq and the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921, a new stage began for the residents of Sinjar ,wherein military campaigns continued in these areas with the aim of reconfiguring the national interests in favour of the Arabs and obliterating the national, ethic and religious identity of its indigenous people.The July 14, 1958 revolution led by Abdul Karim Qasim ,did not stop the localization campaigns in Sinjar. In the period post the the Agricultural Reform Law No. (30) of 1958 . the Iraqi Government systematically localised the region, allowing for the establishment of settlements of Arab tribes in Rabia, Sinjar and Tal Afar.After the Baath came to Authority in Iraq on July 17, 1968, the Sinjar region was subjected to organised Arabisation campaigns by the Iraqi government, such as the destruction of villages bordering the Syrian border with the aim of cutting supplies to the Kurdish revolution and surrounding the area with an Arab belt, as well as the displacement and deportation campaigns which they carried out in order to evacuate the area from Kurdish presence.شنطال (سنجار) 1921-1980ظةكولينةك لدور تةعريبكرنا دةظةرىَ ذ لايىَ حكومةتيَن عيراقىَ ظةشنطال ئيَك ذ باذيَريَن كوردى ييَن كةظنة، دكةظيتة باشوورىَ ضيايىَ شنطالى ل دةظةرا كزيرتا فوراتى دناظبةرا رووباريَن ديجلة وفورات. وذبةر جهىَ و ىَ يىَ جوطرافى يىَ طرنك بووية طورةثانا هةظركيىَ دناظبةرا هيَزيَن هةظرك داكو كونترولىَ لسةر بكةن.ثشتى داطيركرنا بريتانيا بو عيراقىَ ودامةزراندنا دةولةتا عيراقىَ ل سالا 1921 قوناغةكا نوى بو نشتةجييَن شنطالىَ دةستثيَكر، ئةو ذي بةردةواميدانا هةويَن لةشكرى بو دةظةريَن وان ب مةرةما تيَكدانا ثيَكهاتةيا نةتوةيى دبةرذةوةنديا عةرةباندا وذناظبرنا ناسناما نةتةوةيى ودينى يا نشتةجيَبوويَن رةسةنيَن دةظةرىَ، وعةشيرةتيَن عةرةبان وب تاييبةتى عةشيرةتا شةمةر ثشتةظانيا حكومةتىَ بو وان ئيستغلالكر ودةست ب سةر عةرديَن شنطالدا طرت.بةرثابوونا شوَرةشا 14 تةمموزىَ 1958 ب سةركردايةتيا عةبدول كةريم قاسم تةعريبكرنا دةظةرىَ نة راوستاند، بةلكو حكومةتا عيراقىَ ب شيَوةيةكىَ ريَكخستى رابوو ب تةعريبكرنا دةظةرىَ وب تايبةتى ثشتى دةرئيَخستنا ياسايا ضاكسازيا ضاندىَ يا ذمارة(30) ل سالا 1958 ئةوا ريَك داى كو يةكيَن نشتةجيَبوونىَ بو عةشيرةتيَن عةرةبى ل رةبيعا وشنطال وتةلةعفةر بيَنة ئاظاكرن.وثشتى دةسةلات كةفتية ددةستىَ ثارتا بةعس دا ل 17 تةمموزا 1968 دةظةرا شنطال تووشى هةويَن تةعريبىَ ييَن ريَخستى بوو ذلايىَ حكومةتا عيراقىَ ظة، ئةوا رابووى ب ويَرانكرنا طونديَن لسةر سنوورىَ سوريا ب مةرةما برِينا هاريكاريان بو شورةشا كوردى ودوورثيَضكرنا دةظةرىَ ب طونديَن عةرةبان، زيَدةبارى هةويَن رِاطواستنىَ ئةويَن حكومةتا عيراقىَ ثىَ رابوى ذبو ظالاكرنا دةظةرىَ ذ كوردان.

Relative gains and the Common Agricultural Policy: the French government’s decision to reject the Blair House Agreement and block the completion of the Uruguay Round in 1993

CESAA 19th ANNUAL EUROPE ESSAY COMPETITION 2011 - Undergraduate winner: Dan Norrie (Monash University)The French government’s rejection of the Blair House Agreement in 1993 enabled France to resist agricultural reform and achieve relative gains over other European Union States. The existence of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) allows France to extract the economic surplus of European Union (EU) members through taxes and subsidies, which artificially improve the competitiveness of French agriculture. France took advantage of the EU principle of consensus by adopting a strategy of non-compliance to agricultural negotiations, positioning it to directly influence EU Commission policy. This allowed France to benefit from EU bargaining power in the Uruguay Round, and ensure greater concessions from States driving agricultural reform. The reinstatement of veto power in the EU Community has made future agricultural reform more difficult, allowing France to continue to realise welfare gains at the expense of other EU members. The paper adopts a literature review to analyse French national interest and the costs and benefits of foreign policy strategies.

Scientific support for the development of agricultural reforms in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to reveal the main stages of the implementation of the agricultural reform in Ukraine, its scientific and legal support, to highlight the organizational scheme of land reform, according to which the reform of land relations in Ukraine was carried out, which formed the basis for the creation of economic formations of the market direction, capable of effectively working in new economic conditions. Research methods. The study is based on the fundamental provisions on the development of the agricultural sector in market conditions, the economy of nature management and land protection, the theory of agricultural production management, its sustainable development in the new conditions of its management, improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework for the activities of agricultural enterprises. To achieve this goal, modern general scientific methods and research techniques were used. Research results. The legal and scientific-methodological support for the implementation of land and agricultural reform in Ukraine has been processed, directions for improving the organizational and legal forms of management in market conditions are proposed, positive changes that have occurred as a result of the implementation of the agricultural reform in Ukraine are highlighted. Scientific novelty. The theoretical, methodological and organizational legal foundations of reforming land relations and the agricultural sector in Ukraine have been developed, the essence of transformation processes in agricultural production in the new economic conditions has been revealed. Practical significance. The research results can be taken into account in the further development and improvement of the regulatory framework and organizational and legal structures of agricultural production. Refs.: 29.