U.S. Kiwifruit Industry Model: Annual Supply and Monthly Demand

AbstractA dynamic econometric model of the U.S. kiwifruit industry provides a framework for empirical analysis of small-scale commodities, particularly those used by producers for diversification. Production and marketing processes are explained by annual and monthly components, respectively. Results confirm that plantings were speculative and that economic feasibility critically impacts acreage retention as the industry matures. Prices at alternative outlets and fruit quality in storage affect monthly shipments. Flexibilities of monthly f.o.b. prices imply elastic kiwifruit demand, and imports are found to be substitutes. The industry could increase its average annual gross revenue by marketing the crop earlier in the season.

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The Littoral Role of the U.S. Coast Guard: A Significant Naval Asset in Small Scale Conflicts/MOOTW

10.21236/ada351708 ◽

1998 ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen M. Gibson

Keyword(s):

Coast Guard ◽

Small Scale ◽

The U.S

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Techno-economic feasibility study on the application of downdraft gasifier in small-scale red clay bricks industries

Applied Nanoscience ◽

10.1007/s13204-021-01942-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Murugan Paradesi Chockalingam ◽

Navaneethakrishnan Palanisamy ◽

Saji Raveendran Padmavathy ◽

Edwin Mohan ◽

Beno Wincy Winsly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feasibility Study ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Small Scale ◽

Red Clay ◽

Downdraft Gasifier ◽

Clay Bricks

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Resources, Production Scales and Time Required for Producing RNA Vaccines for the Global Pandemic Demand

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9010003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Zoltán Kis ◽

Cleo Kontoravdi ◽

Robin Shattock ◽

Nilay Shah

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccine Dose ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Small Scale ◽

Production Scale ◽

Working Volume ◽

Global Demand ◽

The Impact

To overcome pandemics, such as COVID-19, vaccines are urgently needed at very high volumes. Here we assess the techno-economic feasibility of producing RNA vaccines for the demand associated with a global vaccination campaign. Production process performance is assessed for three messenger RNA (mRNA) and one self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines, all currently under clinical development, as well as for a hypothetical next-generation saRNA vaccine. The impact of key process design and operation uncertainties on the performance of the production process was assessed. The RNA vaccine drug substance (DS) production rates, volumes and costs are mostly impacted by the RNA amount per vaccine dose and to a lesser extent by the scale and titre in the production process. The resources, production scale and speed required to meet global demand vary substantially in function of the RNA amount per dose. For lower dose saRNA vaccines, global demand can be met using a production process at a scale of below 10 L bioreactor working volume. Consequently, these small-scale processes require a low amount of resources to set up and operate. RNA DS production can be faster than fill-to-finish into multidose vials; hence the latter may constitute a bottleneck.

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