Three Dimensional PET/MRI Images in OCD and Schizophrenia

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte S. Buchsbaum ◽  
Jacqueline Spiegel-Cohen ◽  
Tsechung Wei
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Specific Disorders

AbstractFunctional brain-imaging studies have suggested an opposite pattern of brain activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. Patients with OCD have higher than normal activity in the frontal lobe and caudate nucleus while patients with schizophrenia have lower than normal activity in these areas. Changes in the nature of the connections between the executive and impulse control regions of the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia might be involved in both illnesses. These findings are statistical in nature and involve structures of complex three-dimensional shapes. New technology for studying the function of these structures may be useful in exploring the relation of each structure to symptoms of specific disorders. This technology may also enable identification of anatomical and functional causes of individual differences in medication response.

Database of MNI stereotactic coordinates for deep brain stimulation targets in neuropsychiatric disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1149-1149
Author(s):  
U. Moser ◽  
M. Savli ◽  
R. Lanzenberger ◽  
S. Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Deep Brain

IntroductionDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapy option for otherwise treatment-resistant neuropsychiatrie disorders, especially in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depression (TRD) and Tourette's Syndrome (TS).ObjectiveThe brain coordinates of the DBS targets are mainly reported using measurements in original, unnormalized brains. In the neuroimaging community stereotactic data are mainly indicated in the standardized Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space, i.e. a three-dimensional proportional grid system.AimsImproved comparability between targets in DBS studies and molecular and functional neuroimaging data from PET, SPECT, MRI, fMRI, mostly published with stereotactic data.MethodsA comprehensive and systematic literature search for published DBS case reports or studies in TRD, OCD and TS was performed. We extracted the tip positions of electrode leads as provided in the publications or by the authors, and transferred individual coordinates to the standard brain in the MNI space.Results46 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The main targets for the specific disorders and one or two examples of their calculated MNI coordinates are indicated in the table:[MNI coordinates of the main DBS targets]ConclusionsWe provide DBS data of neuropsychiatrie disorders in the MNI space, improving the comparability to molecular, functional and structural neuroimaging data.

Pathological Gambling: A Negative State Model and Its Implications for Behavioral Treatments

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iver Hand
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Behavioral Treatments ◽  
Getting Lost

AbstractThis article describes a new approach to the understanding and treatment of pathological gambling (PG). In order to foster an understanding of the pathological variations of gambling, gambling as a “normal,” widespread behavior that spans cultures and centuries is briefly reviewed, as is the current socioeconomic impact of gambling on society. PG is interpreted as an excessive exaggeration of a normal behavior (a behavioral excess disorder, or BED), similar to exaggerations of cleaning, grooming, loving, working, or shopping.Particular developmental deficits in certain individuals and their resulting vulnerabilities make these persons prone to “getting lost” in excessive gambling activities. PG fulfills three important functions that serve to maintain these behaviors. Most frequently, it serves the intraindividual function of distraction from a cognitive, emotional, or physiologic negative state (NEST). A second, much less frequent intraindividual function is that of fast socioeconomic self-destruction in persons who develop presuicidal depression before they start gambling. In the worst disease course of this subtype, patients enter a dramatic “last game”; when they lose, “fate has decided” that they should kill themselves immediately thereafter. A third function fulfilled by PG is interactional, ie, in the “I can't be with or without you” type of relationship.These gambling-related vulnerabilities are discussed against the background of recent studies from: (1) cognitive psychological and animal experiments regarding the prediction of future events; (2) functional brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder; and (3) gambling experiments (prediction of future events) in patients with specific lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex. This article outlines the basics of strategic-systemic behavior therapy for these conditions, and summarizes results of the first outcome and follow-up studies.

From cognitive targets to symptom reduction: overview of attention and interpretation bias modification research

2020 ◽  
pp. ebmental-2020-300216
Author(s):  
Chelsea Dyan Gober ◽  
Amit Lazarov ◽  
Yair Bar-Haim
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Interpretation Bias Modification

Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a class of mechanised psychological interventions designed to target specific aberrant cognitive processes considered key in the aetiology and/or maintenance of specific psychiatric disorders. In this review, we outline a multistage translational process that allows tracking progress in CBM research. This process involves four steps: (1) the identification of reliable cognitive targets and establishing their association with specific disorders; (2) clinical translations designed to rectify the identified cognitive targets; (3) verification of effective target engagement and (4) testing of clinical utility in randomised controlled trials. Through the prism of this multistage process, we review progress in clinical CBM research in two cognitive domains: attention and interpretation; in six psychiatric conditions: anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, addictive disorders, eating disorders and obsessive–compulsive disorder. The review highlights achievement as well as shortcomings of the CBM approach en route to becoming a recognised evidence-supported therapy for these disorders.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Behavioral, Physiological, and Neurobiological Cognitive Regulation Alterations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Sónia Ferreira ◽  
José Miguel Pêgo ◽  
Pedro Morgado
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Regulation ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Pubmed Database

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by cognitive regulation deficits. However, the current literature has focused on executive functioning and emotional response impairments in this disorder. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological alterations in cognitive regulation in obsessive-compulsive patients using the PubMed database. Most of the studies included explored behavioral (distress, arousal, and frequency of intrusive thoughts) and neurobiological measures (brain activity and functional connectivity) using affective cognitive regulation paradigms. Our results pointed to the advantageous use of reappraisal and acceptance strategies in contrast to suppression to reduce distress and frequency of intrusive thoughts. Moreover, we observed alterations in frontoparietal network activity during cognitive regulation. Our conclusions are limited by the inclusion of underpowered studies with treated patients. Nonetheless, our findings support the OCD impairments in cognitive regulation of emotion and might help to improve current guidelines for cognitive therapy.

scholarly journals Specific cognitive deficits in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive–compulsive disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Veale ◽  
B. J. Sahakian ◽  
A. M. Owen ◽  
I. M. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Frontal Lobe Dysfunction ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Attentional System

SynopsisForty patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) were compared to matched healthy controls on neuropsychological tests which are sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. On a computerized version of the Tower of London test of planning, the patients were no different from healthy controls in the accuracy of their solutions. However, when they made a mistake, they spent more time than the controls in generating alternative solutions or checking that the next move would be correct. The results suggest that OCD patients have a selective deficit in generating alternative strategies when they make a mistake. In a separate attentional set-shifting task, OCD patients were impaired in a simple discrimination learning task and showed a continuous cumulative increase in the number who failed at each stage of the task, including the crucial extra-dimensional set shifting stage. This suggests that OCD patients show deficits in both acquiring and maintaining cognitive sets.The cognitive deficits in OCD may be summarized as: (i) being easily distracted by other competing stimuli; (ii) excessive monitoring and checking of the response to ensure a mistake does not occur; and (iii) when a mistake does occur, being more rigid at setting aside the main goal and planning the necessary subgoals. Both studies support the evidence of fronto-striatal dysfunction in OCD and the results are discussed in terms of an impaired Supervisory Attentional System.

Cognitive Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Schmidtke ◽  
Alexander Schorb ◽  
Gabriele Winkelmann ◽  
Fritz Hohagen
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Frontal Lobe Dysfunction ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder
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