Causal Model of Overcoming Death Anxiety by Cognitive Regulation of Emotion and Spirituality and the Mediation Role of Resilience in Patients Diagnosed With Cancer: Provide Suggestions to Improve Psychiatric Nursing Services

Objectives: Personality and spiritual factors play an important role in the death anxiety of incurable patients. This research was performed to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between emotional regulation and spirituality, with death anxiety in cancer patients. Methods: Number of 290 cancer patients referring to the chemotherapy section of Imam Reza Hospital were selected using available sampling methods. The questionnaires that were considered to collect information were: (1) Demographic Information Questionnaire; (2) Parsian and Dunning Spirituality Questionnaire; (3) Garnefski Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; (4) Connor & Davidson Resilience Questionnaire; and (5) Templer Death Anxiety Questionnaire; all the data from these questionnaires after completion and analysis of the data collected, structural equations were carried out using Smart Pls. Results: The results showed that the direct effect of cognitive regulation of emotion, spirituality and resilience on death anxiety is significant (P ≤ 0.01). Also, the direct effect of cognitive regulation of emotion and spirituality on resilience is significant (P ≤ 0.01). Furthermore the indirect cognitive regulation of emotion and spirituality on death anxiety mediated by resilience is significant (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study show the importance of personality and spiritual factors in psychological problems of cancer patients and have implications in the field of psychotherapy.

Executive Functions in Connection with the Development of Bilingual Speech of Senior Pre-schoolers

The paper analyzes the topical problems of bilingualism effects and its benefits in cognitive control of speech activity in two or more languages. In psychological science, there is insufficient research on the cognitive regulation of bilinguals in connection with speech development in the first and the second languages especially of children in the pre-school period that is characterized by a leap in speech development, functional restructuring, and expansion of regulatory resources. There is scarcity of works related to the specifics of cognitive control of speech activity of bilingual children with different levels of language proficiency and usage. The research aim was to examine the regulatory functions coordinative and subordinative preschool bilinguals in actualization of speech activity in their native and Russian languages. The study involved 65 bilingual children (Udmurt/Russian) aged 5.7 to 7.5 from preschool institutions of the Udmurt Republic: children with coordinative bilingualism (n = 32, 15 boys, 17 girls) equally speaking both languages and subordinative bilingualism with significant interference of the dominant language (mother tongue) while using the other (n = 33, 17 boys, 16 girls). Data collection materials were presented to the subjects in two versions: in the native and Russian languages. Theresearch techniques used in the study included: the Stroop Color and Word Test, “The Classification of Geometric Figures” “Verbal memory” “Visual Memory” “Verbal antonyms,” “Verbal classifications,” “Speech development (correction, restoration, completion of statements)” tests. The methods of mathematical statistics – descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Spearman correlation coefficient were used in data analysis. Based on the results of the empirical study, the fact of the absence of significant differences in the cognitive regulation of speech activity in the native language of preschoolers with coordinative and subordinative bilingualism was established. The obtained research results confirm astatement of Vygotsky’s cultural-historical theory that speech development causes changes in the development of regulatory functions. The practical significance of the findings is reinforced by the escalation of emigration processes in most countries increasing the professional responsibility of educators in supporting diversity and preserving the uniqueness of the childhood as an important stage in the general development of a person.

Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire: a Factorial Validation Study in Spanish for Children (CERQ-k)

Background: The cognitive regulation of emotions is a fundamental variable in socio-affective functioning, being an essential skill in childhood due to its relationship with multiple areas of social functioning. Although there is a version that allows evaluating this construct (CERQ-k), translated and adapted for Argentine children, the structural model found does not fully coincide with the model proposed by the authors of the original version of CERQ. Objective: To test, through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the model obtained in the adapted version and compare it with that of the original version of the instrument. Method: From a non-probabilistic sample, 761 children between the ages of 9 and 12, from the provinces of Entre Ríos and Córdoba, participated in the study. Descriptive analyzes of the items, CFA, and reliability analysis were carried out. Results: The CFA indicated an adequate fit in both models, although the second-order model proved to be more parsimonious and with satisfactory fit and error indices. Conclusion: The CERQ-k version adapted to Argentina, whose structure has been confirmed in this study, allows a valid and reliable measure of the construct to evaluate the cognitive regulation of emotion in children aged 9 to 12 years.

PLANNING AND SELF-CONTROL IN THE COGNITIVE REGULATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH UNBALANCED HERITAGE BILINGUALISM

The article concentrates on searching for missing knowledge about the influence of unbalanced heritage (inherited) bilingualism on the cognitive regulation of a child with high speech activity in a second (Russian) language. The study involved junior schoolchildren 7-8 years old: 1) the main group (N=22) - the children with unbalanced heritage bilingualism (who inherited the Tatar language with different levels of linguistic competence in respect of native and Russian languages), 2) the comparison group (N=30) - monolingual children with speech activity in Russian, who study in educational institutions of the Udmurt Republic. According to the results of empirical research, along with a greater severity of the planning indicator the plasticity and flexibility of the cognitive regulation system of the bilinguals has been established, which provides the integrative potential for regular opportunities. We assume that these advantages arise from the activation of bilingual interaction of language systems.

Recruitment of dlPFC During Dietary Self-Regulation Predicts the Transience of Regulatory Effects

Recent work on the cognitive regulation of dietary decision making suggests that regulation can alter both the choices that people make in the moment, as well as longer-lasting preferences (Boswell, Sun, Suzuki, & Kober, 2018). However, it is unclear what mechanisms lead to temporary or lingering changes. To address this question, we used fMRI during a task employing cognitive regulation of food choice and assessed changes in food preference from baseline to post-regulation. We found evidence that regulation may result in a temporary reconfiguration of the neural drivers of choice, de-emphasizing goal-inconsistent value-related computations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and resulting in more goal-consistent changes in value-related computations in the dlPFC. Moreover, we find that the extent to which the dlPFC was recruited to represent different regulatory goals during the moment of choice negatively predicted the extent to which those regulatory goals produced lingering changes in preference. Our results suggest that recruitment of the dlPFC in the service of regulation may have a downside: it is effective at changing behavior in the moment, but its effects on preferences are transient.

Emotional Cognitive Regulation in University Students during Lockdown: A Comparative Analysis of Students from Spanish Universities

Studies focusing on strategies for the cognitive regulation of emotions are gaining importance due to the development and perpetuation of psychopathologies. The obligatory home confinement imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to new virtual learning methodologies. Objective: Our objective aimed to analyze and compare the cognitive emotional regulation of students from universities on the Spanish mainland with that of students attending the Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Methods: An online Emotional Regulation Questionnaire was applied, together with a survey covering the students’ beliefs about the pandemic, including information about their housing conditions and beliefs about online learning. The study included a sample of 1030 university students. Results: On the mainland and at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the students most frequently used adaptive strategies. Three of the strategies were used in both groups but to different extents (Acceptance, Positive reappraisal, Putting into perspective), while the other strategies were used in both groups to the same extent (Refocusing on planning, Positive refocusing, Rumination, Blaming others, Catastrophizing, Self-blame). Meanwhile, the results were quite similar regarding the students’ housing conditions and beliefs about the pandemic and online learning.

THE STUDENT’S METACOGNITIVE SKILLS OF PROSPECTIVE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Metacognitive skill is essential to have by every individual, including the prospective teachers' students. Some teachers who have not trained in metacognitive ability would be caused by the lack of understanding of the stages in carrying out metacognitive ability. It has not realised that metacognitive ability can affect students' learning process and learning outcome. The students who have the excellent metacognitive ability can develop metacognitive domain-oriented learning. This study aims to know the metacognitive skills of prospective primary school teachers in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. This research used a quantitative approach to descriptive type and survey method. The samples are 100 students of elementary school educations of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan consisted of the semester II, IV, and VI. The instrument used Metacognitive Ability Inventory (MAI) with the Likert scale(1-5). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine the Mean, standard deviation, percentage, and metacognitive categorisation of elementary school education students. The research result showed a low-medium range category. It influenced by some factors related to the inadequate metacognitive development of prospective primary school teachers. Judging from the cognitive knowledge aspect, the high category of the percentage calculation of cognitive knowledge aspects is in the declarative knowledge aspect. In the cognitive regulation aspect, planning becomes the highest percentage of cognitive regulation aspect.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Group Therapy on Perceived Stress, Emotional Cognitive Regulation, and Self-care Behaviors in Patients With Hypertension

Aims: Patients with high blood pressure usually experience high levels of stress that affect their emotion regulation and self-care behaviors. The current study aimed to examine the cognitive-minded group therapy on perceived stress, emotional, cognitive regulation, and self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension. Methods & Materials: The study has a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and a control group. The study population was all people with hypertension referred to medical centers in Kish Island, Iran, in 2010 (March to June). The research sample consisted of 32 qualified candidates who were selected using the purposive sampling method. Then they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Perceived stress, emotional and cognitive regulation, and self-care questionnaires of patients with hypertension were used to collect information in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. The experimental group underwent mindfulness-based group therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The obtained data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS v. 22. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. Findings: The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of positive stress (P=0.001), negative stress (P=0.001), positive emotion (P=0.001), negative emotion (P=0.001), medication regimen (P=0.003), diet (P=0.011), and disease management (P=0.026) in the post-test and follow-up. But there was no significant difference between the mean scores of food labels (P=0.195). Conclusion: The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy on reducing stress and negative emotion and improving self-care of patients with hypertension suggests that in addition to the physical components of chronic diseases, the psychological components of patients be considered to prevent recurrence diseases and increase adherence to treatment in them.