New Biological Models of OCD: Implications of Subtypes

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
Donatella Marazziti
Keyword(s):  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Clinical Heterogeneity ◽  
Biological Models ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Targeted Treatments

Neurobiological studies continue to generate new clues to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Currently, the weight of evidence implicates serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptor dysfunctions, but there is also evidence for abnormalities in other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and noradrenaline, in neuropeptides, and for infective and immunological mechanisms. Such findings foster further questions, in particular the identification of the 5-HT receptor subtype involved, the meaning of the serotonergic abnormalities described thus far, and their relationships with the evidence of dysfunctions of other systems.Certainly, new horizons can now be prospected for biological research in OCD with the ultimate goal of identifying the substrates of the clinical heterogeneity and of offering patients more targeted treatments.

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Comprehensive Introduction ◽  
Current Psychological

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 1 person in 40 and causes great morbidity and suffering worldwide. While much about this protean disorder remains unclear, our understanding has advanced along many fronts in recent decades, and evidence-based treatments can produce benefit in a majority of sufferers. This text brings together experts in all aspects of OCD, including clinical presentation, current psychological, genetic, and neurobiological understanding of its etiology and pathophysiology, and psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and anatomically targeted treatments. OCD-related disorders and common comorbidities and their relationship to OCD itself are also discussed, as are theoretical and sociological issues. It is hoped that this text will provide a comprehensive introduction to the field for students, scientists and clinicians. By bringing together many different perspectives on OCD, we aim to encourage cross-disciplinary understanding, research, and advances in clinical care.

Core dimensions of obsessive–compulsive disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 969-975
Author(s):  
Sophie C. Schneider ◽  
Eric A Storch ◽  
Wayne K Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Clinical Heterogeneity ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Severe Disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, and often severe, disorder that is associated with substantial distress and impairment. Sustained research efforts have led to a better understanding of the classification, aetiology, presentation, and treatment of OCD. Further, the clinical heterogeneity of OCD has led to efforts to identify meaningful subtypes of the disorder, based on age of onset, the presence of comorbid tics, or the focus of OCD symptoms. There is substantial support for a multi-dimensional model of OCD where symptoms are conceptualized as multiple overlapping dimensions, consisting of symmetry/ordering, contamination/cleaning, harm/aggression, or sexual/religious symptoms. Evidence suggests that these dimensions may have differential associations with a range of genetic, neural, and clinical factors. The multi-dimensional approach to OCD is thus a promising future direction for OCD research.

scholarly journals Bidirectional Behavioral Selection in Mice: A Novel Pre-clinical Approach to Examining Compulsivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swarup Mitra ◽  
Abel Bult-Ito
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Clinical Heterogeneity ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Building Behavior

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders (OCRD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders with no definitive etiology. The pathophysiological attributes of OCD are driven by a multitude of factors that involve polygenic mechanisms, gender, neurochemistry, physiological status, environmental exposures and complex interactions among these factors. Such complex intertwining of contributing factors imparts clinical heterogeneity to the disorder making it challenging for therapeutic intervention. Mouse strains selected for excessive levels of nest- building behavior exhibit a spontaneous, stable and predictable compulsive-like behavioral phenotype. These compulsive-like mice exhibit heterogeneity in expression of compulsive-like and other adjunct behaviors that might serve as a valuable animal equivalent for examining the interactions of genetics, sex and environmental factors in influencing the pathophysiology of OCD. The current review summarizes the existing findings on the compulsive-like mice that bolster their face, construct and predictive validity for studying various dimensions of compulsive and associated behaviors often reported in clinical OCD and OCRD.

Why Can’t I Stop Thinking About It?

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique C. Pfaltz ◽  
Beatrice Mörstedt ◽  
Andrea H. Meyer ◽  
Frank H. Wilhelm ◽  
Joe Kossowsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Vulnerability Factor ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Maladaptive Thought ◽  
Severe Anxiety

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by frequent obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Neuroticism is a vulnerability factor for OCD, yet the mechanisms by which this general vulnerability factor affects the development of OCD-related symptoms are unknown. The present study assessed a hierarchical model of the development of obsessive thoughts that includes neuroticism as a general, higher-order factor, and specific, potentially maladaptive thought processes (thought suppression, worry, and brooding) as second-order factors manifesting in the tendency toward obsessing. A total of 238 participants completed questionnaires assessing the examined constructs. The results of mediator analyses demonstrated the hypothesized relationships: A positive association between neuroticism and obsessing was mediated by thought suppression, worry, and brooding. Independent of the participant’s sex, all three mediators contributed equally and substantially to the association between neuroticism and obsessing. These findings extend earlier research on hierarchical models of anxiety and provide a basis for further refinement of models of the development of obsessive thoughts.

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory – Child Version (OCI-CV) in General Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tíscar Rodríguez-Jiménez ◽  
Antonio Godoy ◽  
José A. Piqueras ◽  
Aurora Gavino ◽  
Agustín E. Martínez-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Good Consistency ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
General Populations ◽  
Report Measure

Abstract. Evidence-based assessment is necessary as a first step for developing psychopathological studies and assessing the effectiveness of empirically validated treatments. There are several measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or symptomatology in children and adolescents, but all of them present some limitations. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) by Foa and her colleagues has showed to be a good self-report measure to capture the dimensionality of OCD in adults and adolescents. The child version of the OCI (OCI-CV) was validated for clinical children and adolescents in 2010, showing excellent psychometric properties. The objective of this study was to examine the factor structure and invariance of the OCI-CV in the general population. Results showed a six-factor structure with one second-order factor, good consistency values, and invariance across region, age, and sex. The OCI-CV is an excellent inventory for assessing the dimensions of OCD symptomatology in general populations of children and adolescents. The invariance across sex and age warrants its utilization for research purposes.

Structured Interview for Hoarding Disorder (SIHD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-520
Author(s):  
Caterina Novara ◽  
Paolo Cavedini ◽  
Stella Dorz ◽  
Susanna Pardini ◽  
Claudio Sica
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Hoarding Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum

Abstract. The Structured Interview for Hoarding Disorder (SIHD) is a semi-structured interview designed to assist clinicians in diagnosing a hoarding disorder (HD). This study aimed to validate the Italian version of the SIHD. For this purpose, its inter-rater reliability has been analyzed as well as its ability to differentiate HD from other disorders often comorbid. The sample was composed of 74 inpatients who had been diagnosed within their clinical environment: 9 with HD, 11 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and HD, 22 with OCD, 19 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 13 with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The results obtained indicated “substantial” or “perfect” inter-rater reliability for all the core HD criteria, HD diagnosis, and specifiers. The SIHD differentiated between subjects suffering from and not suffering from a HD. Finally, the results indicated “good” convergent validity and high scores were shown in terms of both sensitivity and specificity for HD diagnosis. Altogether, the SIHD represents a useful instrument for evaluating the presence of HD and is a helpful tool for the clinician during the diagnostic process.

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