Immediate and Delayed Neuropsychological Effects of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Watt ◽  
Catherine E. Prado ◽  
Simon F. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Co Poisoning ◽  
Neuropsychological Effects ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

AbstractBackground: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is the leading cause of accidental poisoning worldwide. This study undertook a meta-analysis to examine differences in neuropsychological functioning in patients with CO poisoning as compared to healthy controls, and examined the longer-term neuropsychological effects of CO poisoning. Methods: Studies performed between the years 1995 and 2016 were identified through a search of the electronic databases Medline and PsycInfo. Data from the papers identified were pooled to determine standard mean differences using a random-effects model. Results: Ten studies were included in the analysis, with healthy controls performing significantly better than CO poisoned participants on the domains of divided attention, immediate memory, and processing speed. No statistically significant differences were found for sustained attention, recent memory, working memory, visuospatial/constructional ability, and expressive language. Performance by participants with CO poisoning for the domains of sustained attention, recent memory, visuospatial/constructional abilities, and working memory significantly improved over time after initial exposure, demonstrating recovery of these functions over time. No statistically significant differences were evident for divided attention or expressive language. Conclusions: This evidence indicates that healthy controls perform better than do individuals with CO poisoning on a range of neuropsychological domains; however, it also indicates that performance in some domains does improve over time. (JINS, 2018, 24, 405–415)

scholarly journals Childhood Trauma and Neurocognition in Adults With Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Vargas ◽  
Phoebe H Lam ◽  
Matilda Azis ◽  
K Juston Osborne ◽  
Amy Lieberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Neurocognitive Function ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Memory And Attention

Abstract Background Characterizing the link between childhood trauma and adult neurocognitive function in psychosis is crucial for improving the fields understanding of how early environmental risk factors impact the presentation of the disorder. To date, the literature has been inconsistent: meta-analytic synthesis is lacking, and it is unclear whether specific cognitive functions are affected. Methods A meta-analysis was performed on a total of 3315 subjects with a psychotic disorder. The links between childhood trauma, overall neurocognitive function, and four cognitive subdomains (working memory, executive function, verbal/visual memory, and attention/processing speed) were examined. Relevant sample characteristics and methodological moderators were tested. The strength of the association between trauma and overall neurocognition in individuals with psychotic disorders was also compared to that of healthy controls. Results Among individuals with psychotic disorders, there was a significant association between overall cognition and childhood trauma, r = −.055; 95% CI = −0.09, −0.02, P = .002. There was also a modest, negative relationship between childhood trauma and working memory, r = −.091; 95% CI = −0.15, −0.03, P = .002. Moderators did not have a significant effect on these analyses. Further, the association between childhood trauma and neurocognition was significantly stronger in healthy controls compared to patients with a psychotic disorder. Conclusion A small negative association was found between overall cognition and childhood trauma in individuals with psychotic disorders. Results suggest the association is less strong for individuals with a psychotic disorder compared to healthy populations. Findings are informative for prominent etiological models of psychosis.

Cognitive Developmental Trajectories in Adult ADHD Patients and Controls: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 108705472097854
Author(s):  
Ji Sun Hong ◽  
Young Sik Lee ◽  
Minha Hong ◽  
Bongseog Kim ◽  
Yoo Sook Joung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Full Scale Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Neuropsychological Functions

Objective: There is an updated conceptualization of whole-lifespan attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), promoted by awareness of probable persistence of impairment into adulthood. We investigated cognition trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood in ADHD. Method: Data of 240 patients with ADHD and 244 healthy controls (HCs) were obtained; clinical symptoms and neuropsychological functions were assessed using the various tests. Results: Compared to HCs, patients with ADHD except 35 to 44 age interval showed lower full scale intelligence quotient. They showed decreased verbal comprehensive scores except in the 35 to 44 age interval and working memory scores in all intervals. In the Comprehensive Attention Test, patients with ADHD showed increased working memory error frequencies except in the 15 to 17 age interval and divided attention omission error in all intervals. Conclusion: Adults with ADHD showed deficits not in simple attention but in complex attention, including divided attention and working memory.

A comparative meta-analysis of neurocognition in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bora
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
General Intellectual Ability

AbstractObjective:Cognitive impairment is a familial and heritable aspect of major psychoses and might be a shared vulnerability marker for schizophrenia and BP. However, it is not clear whether some aspects of cognitive deficits are uniquely associated with risk for specific diagnoses.Methods:A novel meta-analysis of cognitive functions in first-degree relatives of probands with bipolar disorder (BP-Rel) and schizophrenia (Sch-Rel) was conducted. Current meta-analysis included 20 studies and compared cognitive functions of 1341 Sch-Rel, 939 BP-Rel and 1427 healthy controls.Results:Sch-Rel was associated with cognitive deficits in all domains (d = 0.20–0.58) and BP-Rel underperformed healthy controls in processing speed, verbal fluency and speed based executive function tests (d = 0.33–0.41). Sch-Rel underperformed BP-Rel in general intellectual ability, working memory, verbal memory, planning, processing speed and fluency (d = 0.24–0.42).Conclusions:Inefficiency in processing information and impaired processing speed might be common vulnerability factors for major psychoses. On the other hand, low performance in accuracy based tasks and deficits in general intellectual ability, verbal learning, planning and working memory might be more specifically associated with risk for schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Unity or diversity of executive functioning in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otelie Nyvold ◽  
Egil Nygaard ◽  
Else-Marie Augusti ◽  
Christian K. Tamnes
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Stress Symptoms

For some children the psychological reactions to a traumatic event develop into severe or persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) or the clinical condition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive problems in children with PTSS have been reported, but it is not clear which specific functions are affected. Executive functions is a domain of particular interest, given its importance for academic performance and social and emotional functioning. A systematic literature search was performed and 12 studies with 55 comparisons of executive functions in children with PTSS and healthy controls were eligible for meta-analysis. A subset of the studies also included a comparison group of children with traumatic experienced but without PTSS. Overall, across all tasks and measures, children with PTSS showed lower executive functioning than healthy controls (SMD = -0.57). The effect sizes between the subdomains complex tasks, verbal fluency, inhibition, shifting and working memory were not significantly different from each other, but were largest for verbal fluency (SMD = -1.29) and working memory (SMD = -0.59). Analyses comparing children with traumatic experiences with and without PTSS similarly showed overall lower executive functioning in the PTSS group (SMD = -0.34) and no significant differences in effect sizes between subdomains. The results have implications for assessment and clinical work with youth exposed to traumatic events. We should be aware of the poor executive functioning that may be an issue for some children with a history of trauma and subsequent development of PTSS, and the impact this could have on everyday functioning.

Age at Full-Time Use Predicts Language Outcomes Better Than Age of Surgery in Children Who Use Cochlear Implants

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 986-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa R. Park ◽  
Erika B. Gagnon ◽  
Erin Thompson ◽  
Kevin D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Age At Surgery ◽  
Device Placement ◽  
Device Use ◽  
Better Than

Purpose The aims of this study were to (a) determine a metric for describing full-time use (FTU), (b) establish whether age at FTU in children with cochlear implants (CIs) predicts language at 3 years of age better than age at surgery, and (c) describe the extent of FTU and length of time it took to establish FTU in this population. Method This retrospective analysis examined receptive and expressive language outcomes at 3 years of age for 40 children with CIs. Multiple linear regression analyses were run with age at surgery and age at FTU as predictor variables. FTU definitions included 8 hr of device use and 80% of average waking hours for a typically developing child. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the establishment and degree of FTU. Results Although 8 hr of daily wear is typically considered FTU in the literature, the 80% hearing hours percentage metric accounts for more variability in outcomes. For both receptive and expressive language, age at FTU was found to be a better predictor of outcomes than age at surgery. It took an average of 17 months for children in this cohort to establish FTU, and only 52.5% reached this milestone by the time they were 3 years old. Conclusions Children with normal hearing can access spoken language whenever they are awake, and the amount of time young children are awake increases with age. A metric that incorporates the percentage of time that children with CIs have access to sound as compared to their same-aged peers with normal hearing accounts for more variability in outcomes than using an arbitrary number of hours. Although early FTU is not possible without surgery occurring at a young age, device placement does not guarantee use and does not predict language outcomes as well as age at FTU.

The Validity of Specific Cognitive Abilities for the Prediction of Training Success in Germany

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Goertz ◽  
Ute R. Hülsheger ◽  
Günter W. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Occupational Category ◽  
General Mental Ability ◽  
Training Success ◽  
Specific Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Better Than

General mental ability (GMA) has long been considered one of the best predictors of training success and considerably better than specific cognitive abilities (SCAs). Recently, however, researchers have provided evidence that SCAs may be of similar importance for training success, a finding supporting personnel selection based on job-related requirements. The present meta-analysis therefore seeks to assess validities of SCAs for training success in various occupations in a sample of German primary studies. Our meta-analysis (k = 72) revealed operational validities between ρ = .18 and ρ = .26 for different SCAs. Furthermore, results varied by occupational category, supporting a job-specific benefit of SCAs.

Task- and age-effects in functional neuroimaging studies of working memory – a quantitative meta-analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rottschy ◽  
S Eickhoff ◽  
I Dogan ◽  
A Laird ◽  
P Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Effects
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