Optimal soil depletion with output and price uncertainty

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
SVERRE GREPPERUD
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Price Uncertainty ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Conservation Incentives ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Soil Depletion

This paper studies soil depletion incentives in a dynamic economic model under two different sources of revenue uncertainty (output and price risk). The focus is on the long-term effects of risk-averse preferences when farming decisions have implications for both expected short-run production and natural topsoil fertility. The analysis shows that the risk properties of the stock variable are crucial for the results arrived. The presence of risk preferences is found to improve soil conservation incentives in a low-input farming system, independent of the source of revenue risk considered. The only case for which soil conservation incentives are weakened is for high-input farming systems under price uncertainty.JEL classification: Q12, Q20, D81

Reshaping the Economic Structure in Argentina: The Role of External Debt during the Macri Administration (2015–2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 048661342097642
Author(s):  
Juan E. Santarcángelo ◽  
Juan Manuel Padín
Keyword(s):  
External Debt ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Long Term Effects

Argentina’s right-wing shift in the 2015 presidential election concluded twelve years of center-left rule. The elected president, Mauricio Macri, claimed that the economy would experience normalization of existing imbalances and recover its strength in a “new political era.” However, the new administration quickly restored the dominance of neoliberal economic policies through a comprehensive set of initiatives, which centrally included the return to international financial debt and equity markets and submission to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) rules. This article analyzes Argentina’s external-debt-growth process and discusses its objectives and long-term effects. This paper posits that the indebtedness process carried out by the Macri administration—and its modality—not only increased the relevance of financial capital in the Argentine economy but also structurally conditioned any future nonorthodox alternative path of development. This outcome cannot be understood without taking into account the deliberate role of the United States, the IMF, and the top companies that operate in Argentina, as well as the complicity of many political sectors. JEL Classification: H63, F34, F63

scholarly journals Long-Term Development of Urban Agriculture: Resilience and Sustainability of Farmers Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4316
Author(s):  
Shingo Yoshida ◽  
Hironori Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban People

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has forced global food systems to face unprecedented uncertain shocks even in terms of human health. Urban agriculture is expected to be more resilient because of its short supply chain for urban people and diversified farming activities. However, the short-and long-term effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban farms remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the conditions for farm resilience to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the relationship between short-term farm resilience and long-term farm development using data from a survey of 74 farms located in Tokyo. The results are as follows. First, more than half of the sample farms increased their farm sales during this period. This resilience can be called the “persistence” approach. Second, short-term farm resilience and other sustainable farm activities contributed to improving farmers’ intentions for long-term farm development and farmland preservation. Third, the most important resilience attributes were the direct marketing, entrepreneurship, and social networks of farmers. We discussed the necessity of building farmers’ transformative capabilities for a more resilient urban farming system. These results imply that support to enhance the short-term resilience of urban farms is worth more than the short-term profit of the farms.

Incremental transformation: Success from farming system synergy

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
System A ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Those not immediately involved in managing a dryland farm sustainably in a risky water-limited environment such as Australia may think a comparison with rocket science a bit of a stretch. But if the level of challenge, the importance to humanity, the long-term multidisciplinary team approach and planning required, and the level of uncertainty inherent in the pursuit are measures, then I think the comparison is warranted. The importance of the farming systems agronomy research that has supported agriculture and food security in Australia and globally since William Farrer’s time perhaps receives less public attention than some other science areas such as genetics, genomics, or digital agriculture—indeed, agriculture is now literally “rocket science” as satellite-guided machines and sensors gather volumes of data about the soils, plants, and weather on farms at scales and speeds hitherto impossible. Yet despite spectacular advances in individual genetic or management technologies, few have been singularly transformational. Rather significant productivity improvements generally arise when a combination of technologies, often old and new are integrated and synergize in specific ways within a system—a process here termed incremental transformation. William Farrer himself was clearly aware of this fact, as this article shows, he placed as much importance on maintaining the fertility of the soil in which he grew wheat as on improving the wheat plant itself. This article first provides some background to Farrer and on his interests in Genotype × Environment × Management (G × E × M) interactions (though he certainly did not use that terminology). It then describes some examples from my own research teams, to demonstrate the ongoing impact that arises from research to capture synergies from new genetics and improved management in the pursuit of incremental transformation.

Research Facilities in Afghanistan

1975 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Susan G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Research Projects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Good Will ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Research Facilities

Scholarly research in Afghanistan is still in its infancy, but for those who are attracted by the opportunity of breaking new ground, it offers unique possibilities. Recent political events within the country support the view that the climate for foreign researchers is improving. While the long-term effects of the republican coup of July 1973 are not yet clear, in the short run a general mood of optimism and energetic change has pervaded official circles. It is difficult to predict how long this aura of good will is going to last, but for the time being, Ministry officials are looking with favor on foreign research projects in a variety of areas that will help fill the awesome gaps in the field of Afghan studies.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY: A NEW EVIDENCE FROM STATE-OWNED BANKS IN INDONESIA

TRIKONOMIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bank Profitability ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Short Run ◽  
New Evidence

This paper investigates the factors that determine bank profitability in Indonesia particularly on state-owned banks during the 2007 to 2017. The research applied Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to measure short-term and long-term effects of independent variable on dependent variable. The research data ini this paper is drawn from two main sources namely Bank Indonesia (BI) and Financial Services Authority (OJK) from 2007 to 2017. The findings showed that in the long term, BOPO, LDR, NPLs, economic growth, and exchange rates have positive relationship toward bank profitability while in the short term, inflation and BI rates do not have effect on bank profitability. However, in the short run, all variables mentioned do not have impact toward banking profitability. In addition, based on Impulse Response Function test, it showed that there are only two independent variables are able to provide a response in case of shock, namely inflation and the exchange rate toward bank’s profitability.

scholarly journals Crop Production, Livestock Production and Economic Growth in Botswana (1990-2017): An Application of ARDL Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1500-1508
Author(s):  
Mufaro Andrew Matandare ◽  
Patricia Masego Makepe ◽  
Lekgatlhamang Setlhare ◽  
Jonah Bajaki Tlhalefang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Testing Approach

There are few studies in Botswana which have examined the relationship between agriculture and economic growth. The uniqueness of this study is grounded in investigating disintegrated agriculture components into crop production and livestock production and investigating their nexus with economic growth. This study estimated the short and long term effects between crop production, livestock production and economic growth in Botswana for the period 1990 to 2017. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) bounds testing approach was employed to investigate the stated relationship. Study findings from the ARDL bound testing approach confirm evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between crop production, livestock production and economic growth. Results indicated that livestock production has a positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run. On the other hand crop production has a positive and significant impact on economic growth only in the long run. Efforts towards supporting agricultural sector growth should be emphasized to promote agricultural sector productivity in a bid to forge a move away from dependence on imports of food in Botswana. To enhance economic growth, in both the short run and long run, the government of Botswana and all relevant stakeholders should invest in and promote livestock production. In the long term, policies that foster crop production are essential for economic growth.

Modeling the Long-Run Learning Impact of the COVID-19 Learning Shock: Actions to (More Than) Mitigate Loss

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Kaffenberger
Keyword(s):  
School Closure ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Return To School ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Catch Up

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced 1.7 billion children out of school temporarily. While many education systems are attempting varying degrees of remote learning, it is widely accepted that the closures will produce substantial losses in learning (World Bank, 2020; Kuhfeld et al., 2020). However, the real concern is not just that a few months of learning will be lost in the short run, but that these losses will accumulate into large and permanent learning losses as many children fall behind during school closures and never catch up. This note uses a calibrated model with a “pedagogical production function” (Kaffenberger and Pritchett, 2020) to estimate the potential long-term losses to children’s learning from the temporary shock of school closures. The model shows that without mitigation, children could lose more than a year’s worth of learning even from a three-month school closure as the short-term losses continue to compound after children return to school. Turning to mitigation strategies, the note examines the long-term effects of two strategies, finding that with some mitigation efforts education systems could come back from the crisis stronger than before.

Infrastructure investment and employment: Evidence for Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Alfredo M. Pereira ◽  
Rui M. Pereira ◽  
Pedro G. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Infrastructure Investments

We estimated how investment in 12 infrastructure types affects employment in Portugal. Using a vector-autoregressive specification at the industry level, we found a double dividend associated with ports and airports: investing in either delivers the greatest bang per euro, both on impact and in the long run. One million euros invested in ports and airports creates 717.1 and 290.5 jobs in the long run, respectively, and 535 and 253.3 jobs in the short run, respectively. Regarding long-term employment effects, these are followed by municipal roads, telecommunications, national roads, health structures, education facilities, refineries, railroads, and highways. Water infrastructures and electricity and gas infrastructures have negligible effects. With the long-term effects decomposed, sizable supply-side employment effects for health and education facilities exist, while demand-side effects dominate for airports, ports, municipal roads, and telecommunications. Employment following the investment in national roads is balanced across demand and supply channels. We found no significant employment-related location effects of infrastructure investments. Also, investing in either health facilities or in education buildings entails non-negligible job losses in the short run. These results suggest that the magnitude and the timing of job creation crucially depend on the type of infrastructure investment. Policymakers in Portugal need to be aware of this in choosing between countercyclical or structural targets.

scholarly journals The role of personal income tax reforms in the transition to a democratic and egalitarian Egypt

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-399
Author(s):  
Monal A. Abdel-Baki ◽  
Nirmala Dorasamy
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Structural Vector Autoregressive Model

The efficacy of the 2005-Personal Income Tax (PIT) reform in enhancing the macroeconomic performance in Egypt is tested using a structural vector autoregressive model. The results reveal that PIT reforms have successfully generated jobs and accelerated GDP growth. The reforms may cause mild inflation in the short-run, but their long-term effects are non-inflationary. This is the first effort to assess the PIT reforms in Egypt, with the aim of helping the new government to assess preceding policies and pursue the successful ones. The research is also an important lesson for the leaders of emerging economies encountering similar circumstances to enact reforms and to perpetuate economic growth and sociopolitical stability.

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