The Landscape of Autophagy-Related (ATG) Genes and Functional Characterization of TaVAMP727 to Autophagy in Wheat

Autophagy is an indispensable biological process and plays crucial roles in plant growth and plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This study systematically identified autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) in wheat and its diploid and tetraploid progenitors and investigated their genomic organization, structure characteristics, expression patterns, genetic variation, and regulation network. We identified a total of 77, 51, 29, and 30 ATGs in wheat, wild emmer, T. urartu and A. tauschii, respectively, and grouped them into 19 subfamilies. We found that these autophagy-related genes (ATGs) suffered various degrees of selection during the wheat’s domestication and breeding processes. The genetic variations in the promoter region of Ta2A_ATG8a were associated with differences in seed size, which might be artificially selected for during the domestication process of tetraploid wheat. Overexpression of TaVAMP727 improved the cold, drought, and salt stresses resistance of the transgenic Arabidopsis and wheat. It also promoted wheat heading by regulating the expression of most ATGs. Our findings demonstrate how ATGs regulate wheat plant development and improve abiotic stress resistance. The results presented here provide the basis for wheat breeding programs for selecting varieties of higher yield which are capable of growing in colder, drier, and saltier areas.

Interactive Effects of Brassinosteroids and Timber Waste Biochar Enhances the Drought Tolerance Capacity of Wheat Plant

Drought stress is among the major constraints that threat agricultural productivity within the arid and semi-arid regions, worldwide. In this study, wheat (a strategic crop) was selected to test its growth under drought stress and the mechanisms beyond this adaptation while considering two factors, i.e., (1) deficit irrigation at 35% of the water holding capacity (WHC) versus 75% of WHC (Factor A) and (2) the following safe treatments: the control treatment (C), amending soil with biochar (BC) at a rate of 2%, foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide at two different levels (1 (BR1) or 3 (BR2) μmol) and the combination between BC and BR treatments. The obtained results were statistically analyzed, and the heat-map conceits between measured variables were also calculated by using the Python software. This investigation took place under the greenhouse conditions for 35 days following a complete randomized design and all treatments were replicated trice. Results obtained herein revealed that drought stress decreased all studied vegetative growth parameters (root and shoot biomasses) and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total contents while increased oxidative stress indicators. All additives, specifically the combined ones BR1+BC and BR2+BC, were effective in increasing growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments and ion assimilation by wheat plants. They also upraised the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants while decreased stress indicators. Furthermore, they increased Ca, P and K content within plants. It can therefore be deduced that the integral application of BR and BC is essential to mitigate drought stress in plants.

The Effect of Type and Method of Immobilizing Bacillus Megaterium Bacteria Inoculation in Increasing Potassium Available and Growth of Wheat Plant Triticum Aestivum L

A field experiment was carried out at the second agricultural research and experiment station of the College of Agriculture, Muthanna University, for the 2019-2020 agricultural season, with the randomized complete block design RCBD, using two factors and three repeats, that’s to study the effect of adding the bio inoculant from Bacillus megaterium bacteria, and when loaded the bacterium with the immobilization inoculation technology on zeolite, sodium alginate, Agarose and bentonite and it’s symboled of M0, M1, M2 and M3 respectively to compare its efficiency in increasing potassium available and growth of wheat plant variety Eba’a 99. The experiment included two comparison treatments, the first being B0 without the addition of the bacterial inoculant and the second comparative treatment being B1 adding the bacterial vaccine. At the end of the experiment, potassium concentration was estimated in soil after cultivation. The results showed a clear moral effect of the use of the immobilized bacterial inoculant in Nitrogen available at a 15.65 (mg N kg−1 soil) and with an increase of 17.14%, Potassium available at a 289.2 (mg K kg−1 soil) and an increase of 6.79%, and the plant height was a rate of 84.87 cm and an increase of 9.41% and bio yield at 810.25 kg dunum−1 and an increase of 34.98%.

Effect of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria Thiobacillus Thioparus and Different Levels of Agricultural Sulfur on Wheat Yield (Triticum Aestivium L.)

A field experiment was carried out in the agricultural season 2020-2021 in an agricultural field located in the Al-Jarboua area (Al Hafez) in Al-Muthanna Governorate to study the effect of inoculation with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and agricultural sulfur levels and their interactions on the yield of wheat plant Triticum aestivum L. Ibaa cultivar 99. The study was carried out in two stages, the first is isolation Sulfur oxidizing bacteria and the second used as a inoculant in the agricultural experiment to study its effect on soil characteristics and its content of nutrients NPK and S. At two levels T0 without adding the bacterial inoculum and T1 adding the first isolate of bacteria The second factor included the addition of agricultural sulfur with four levels of sulfur (S0 were taken without addition, S1 added 750 kg ha−1, S2 added 1500 kg ha−1 and S3 added 2250 kg ha−1) In three replications, the number of experimental units reached 36 experimental units. The results of the study also showed that inoculation with bacterial isolates led to a significant increase in the readiness of nutrients N, P, K and S, and the highest rate of sulfur was (1895) mg. The pollination also led to a significant increase in the growth characteristics of the plant (plant height, number of spikes and grain yield), as it recorded (101.25 cm, 393.22 spike m−1 and 6.73 mcg/ha−1), respectively. The addition of agricultural sulfur at different levels affected a significant increase in the availability of nutrients N, P, K and S, and the highest rate of sulfur at the level of S3 was (1817) mg. Also, the bilateral interaction between inoculation with bacterial isolates and agricultural sulfur led to a significant increase in the availability of nutrients N, P, K and S. kg −1 soil.

Research Proposal : Growth and yield components of wheat as affected by integrated use of oxalic and phosphoric acid in calcisol

Wheat is a cereal crop that is mainly used by humans as a source of starch and energy and is also used for livestock around the world. Wheat straw is rich in cellulose fibers, hemicellulose, protein and ash. Wheat is the most cultivated crop in the world and especially in Pakistan. As the population grows rapidly, wheat production needs to be increased to bridge the gap between growth and consumption. The amount of phosphorus required for wheat is much higher than for other crops. It is the most important nutrient needed by the wheat plant and it is important for the development of wheat from seedling to adulthood. Farmers add phosphorus to obtain high yields of wheat on phosphorus-deficient soils. Most of these soils are calcareous and its availability in wheat is due to its reaction with various heavy metals present in the soil. Low molecular weight organic acid oxalic acid in combination with phosphoric acid plays an important role in the mobilization of phosphorus in the soil. Oxalic acid secreted from the roots plays an important role in preventing phosphorus deficiency as it plays an important role in phosphorus mobilization. Agricultural soils of Pakistan are generally calcareous soils with high pH and low organic matter content usually less than one percent and more phosphorus fixation capacity and it has been reported that phosphorus is not sufficient to support prosperous agriculture. These calcareous soils contain more calcium carbonate, so when phosphate is applied, it binds to the soil and is not available to plants.

Wheat Biocomposite Extraction, Structure, Properties and Characterization: A Review

Biocomposite materials create a huge opportunity for a healthy and safe environment by replacing artificial plastic and materials with natural ingredients in a variety of applications. Furniture, construction materials, insulation, and packaging, as well as medical devices, can all benefit from biocomposite materials. Wheat is one of the world’s most widely cultivated crops. Due to its mechanical and physical properties, wheat starch, gluten, and fiber are vital in the biopolymer industry. Glycerol as a plasticizer considerably increased the elongation and water vapor permeability of wheat films. Wheat fiber developed mechanical and thermal properties as a result of various matrices; wheat gluten is water insoluble, elastic, non-toxic, and biodegradable, making it useful in biocomposite materials. This study looked at the feasibility of using wheat plant components such as wheat, gluten, and fiber in the biocomposite material industry.