The Bear Yawns? Russian and Soviet Relations with Macao

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Michael Share
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Soviet Communism ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFrom the late nineteenth century until the hand-over of Macao to Chinese rule about one hundred years later, Russia and the Soviet Union demonstrated discernible, though far from overwhelming, interest in the tiny Portuguese territory of Macao. Their activities and involvement in the enclave served as an interesting contrast and coda to their more extensive dealings with the larger entities of British Hong Kong and even more problematic Taiwan. Both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union had definite policies towards both Hong Kong and Taiwan; though policy emphasis altered dramatically over time, especially towards Hong Kong, both regimes sought to expand their trade with, and activities in, those territories. Soviet and Russian policies toward Macao were in some ways less consistent, circumscribed by the relative insignificance of the territory, and also for several decades from the 1920s onward by the implacable long-term hostility of the fascist Portuguese government toward Soviet Communism. Even so, the fact that first Russian and then Soviet foreign policymakers assigned some importance to Macao is amply demonstrated by the Foreign Ministry Archive, which contains nearly thirty files of varying size spanning the period from 1910 to 1987.

Chilean Anticommunism

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-72
Author(s):  
James Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
South American ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter evaluates the rise of social conflict in Chile from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth. It presents Chile's labor movement, the Chilean Communist Party, Chile's conservatives, Chile's professional officer corps, and the Ibáñez dictatorship as the earliest expression of Cold War struggles in Chile. It connects the Chilean Communist Party to the Comintern's South American Bureau and the Soviet Union. It explains why the dictatorship broke relations with the Soviet Union and suppressed the communist party in 1927. And it reviews the nature of United States perceptions and involvement in these events.

Western Re-Assessments of Russian and Soviet Economic History

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
John Channon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Words ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Former Ussr

With the advent of Gorbachev, two new words, perestroika (reform) and glasnost' (openness), entered the Western vocabulary. They also served as the bywords for economic and social change that continues to this day. Simultaneously, the search for a solution to the economic ills of the former USSR has led to a rediscovery and a re-examination of the past. In this context, scholars of the successor states to the Soviet Union will find much of interest in the works reviewed here which take us chronologically from the late nineteenth century to the late 1980s.

TRANSFORMING THE CHARACTER OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
KRISTAN COCKERILL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
River Management ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Upper Mississippi River ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Despite the long-understood variability in the Mississippi River, the upper portions of the river have historically received less attention than the lower reach and this culminated in the lower river dominating twentieth century river management efforts. Since the seventeenth century, there have been multiple tendencies in how the upper river was characterized, including relatively spare notes about basic conditions such as channel width and flow rates which shifted to an emphasis on romantic descriptions of the riparian scenery by the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, by the late nineteenth century the upper river was routinely portrayed as a flawed entity requiring human intervention to fix it. While the tone and specific language changed over time, there remained a consistent emphasis that whatever was being reported about the river was scientifically accurate.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Pollution, Health, and Height in Late Nineteenth Century Britain

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy E. Bailey ◽  
Timothy J. Hatton ◽  
Kris Inwood
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In nineteenth century Britain atmospheric pollution from coal-fired industrialization was on the order of 50 times higher than today. We examine the effects of these emissions on child development by analysing the heights on enlistment during WWI of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s. We find a strong negative relationship between adult heights and the coal intensity of the districts in which these men were observed as children in the 1901 census. The subsequent decline in atmospheric pollution likely contributed to the long-term improvement in health and increase in height.

Remarriage among Jews and Christians

2010 ◽  
pp. 56-85
Author(s):  
Shaul Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

This chapter investigates the phenomenon of remarriage in nineteenth-century eastern Europe, demonstrating its significance in Jewish marital behaviour. Patterns of remarriage deserve attention for a number of reasons: they influenced fertility levels, affected family structure, played a role in networking, and served as an indicator of the importance of marriage in a given society. Remarriage is highly revealing of group characteristics and behaviour, but remarriage in late nineteenth-century eastern Europe merits attention for an additional reason. Patterns of remarriage and their changes over time significantly diverged among various population groups. Eastern Europe is thus an excellent context for examining the impact of significant variables on remarriage by means of a comparative approach. The chapter then evaluates modes of remarriage among four major religious-national groups: Russian Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. It also considers important differences between Jews and Christians in specific patterns of remarriage.

The Bible and Creationism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Trollinger ◽  
William Vance Trollinger
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Organic Evolution ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Young Earth Creationism ◽  
Conservative Protestants ◽  
Over Time

Biblical creationism emerged in the late nineteenth century among conservative Protestants who were unable to square a plain, commonsensical, “literal” reading of the Bible with Charles Darwin’s theory of organic evolution. As this chapter details, over time a variety of increasingly literal “creationisms” have emerged. For the first century after Origin of Species (1859), old Earth creationism—which accepted mainstream geology—held sway. But with the 1961 publication of The Genesis Flood—Noah’s flood explains the geological strata—young Earth creationism took center stage. Waiting in the wings, however, is a geocentric creationism that rejects mainstream biology, geology, and cosmology.

scholarly journals From Aristocratic to Ordinary: Shifting Modes of Elite Distinction

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Friedman ◽  
Aaron Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Participation ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Elite Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Over Time

How do elites signal their superior social position via the consumption of culture? We address this question by drawing on 120 years of “recreations” data ( N = 71,393) contained within Who’s Who, a unique catalogue of the British elite. Our results reveal three historical phases of elite cultural distinction: first, a mode of aristocratic practice forged around the leisure possibilities afforded by landed estates, which waned significantly in the late-nineteenth century; second, a highbrow mode dominated by the fine arts, which increased sharply in the early-twentieth century before gently receding in the most recent birth cohorts; and, third, a contemporary mode characterized by the blending of highbrow pursuits with everyday forms of cultural participation, such as spending time with family, friends, and pets. These shifts reveal changes not only in the contents of elite culture but also in the nature of elite distinction, in particular, (1) how the applicability of emulation and (mis)recognition theories has changed over time, and (2) the emergence of a contemporary mode that publicly emphasizes everyday cultural practice (to accentuate ordinariness, authenticity, and cultural connection) while retaining many tastes that continue to be (mis)recognized as legitimate.

scholarly journals Itinerant Jewish and Arabic Trading in the Dene’s North, 1916-1930

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Colpitts
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Canadian North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In late nineteenth century and especially in the interwar years, “free traders” took advantage of better transport systems to expand trade with Dene people in the Athabasca and Mackenzie Districts. Well versed in fur grading and supported by credit in the expanding industrializing fur industry in the south, “itinerant” peddlers worked independently and often controversially alongside larger capitalized fur companies such as the Hudson’s Bay Company. A large number of these newcomers were Jews. This article suggests that Jews and, to a lesser extent, Lebanese and other Arabic traders became critical in the modernization of the Canadian North. They helped create an itinerant trader-Dene “contact zone” where the mixed meaning of credit, cash, and goods transactions provided northern Aboriginal trappers the means to negotiate modernism on their own terms in the interwar years. However, by the late 1920s, the state, encouraged by larger capitalized companies, implemented policies to restrict and finally close down this contact zone. The history of itinerant trading, then, raises questions about the long-term history of capitalism and co-related economic neo-colonialism in the Canadian north and their impact on First Nations.

The Distribution of Scottish Settlements in Ontario, 1871–1901

2016 ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Sara Rose Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Support Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Over Time

Emigration from Scotland in the nineteenth century is marked by its significant use of chain migration. This article focuses on how migrant chains affected Scottish settlement patterns in Ontario in the late nineteenth century, highlighting their reliance on friends and family to successfully relocate. Remittances, letters, and other forms of support point to the continued importance of kin and clan across borders. What differentiated Scottish migrants from chain migrants of other nationalities was the durability of their settlements. Migrant chains from other origins typically produce durable settlements that persist over time. Scots, on the other hand, show significantly less settlement durability. Census data are used to describe the concentration of Scottish immigrants over time within districts in Ontario, Canada, and how the degree of concentration changed over time. These data and the results are illustrated with a series of census maps.

Over the Horizon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Cold War

This book examines how existing great powers in international relations respond to the rise or resurgence of other great powers. More specifically, it seeks to account for why existing powers often cooperate with rising powers despite the long-term threat that they potentially pose. To account for this behavior, the theory presented in the book focuses on the time horizons of political leaders . Leaders are unlikely to adopt competitive and costly strategies in the face of uncertainty about a rising power’s long-term intentions. Instead, they profit from cooperation in the short-term while they await more and better information about the rising state’s interests and intentions. To test this argument against alternative arguments, the book presents case studies of four modern examples of rising great powers and their strategic interactions with existing great powers: the rise of late nineteenth century Germany, the emergence of the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, the resurgence of interwar Germany, and the development of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the cold war. The book concludes with a discussion of the implications of the argument for international relations theory and the contemporary rise of China.

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