A Charge Coupled Device Readout System for Electron Microscopy

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Downing ◽  
Ming-Hsiu Ho ◽  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Image Intensifier ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Readout System ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
Television Camera ◽  
Single Electrons ◽  
Computer Input Devices ◽  
A Charge

We have investigated the possibility of using a charge coupled device (CCD) as a direct, electron-sensitive readout device for a CTEM. Two-dimensional imaging CCD's, developed as normal television camera elements, are semiconductor devices in which an image is formed on an array of photo-sensitive sites, causing the accumulation of an electric charge proportional to the incident flux. The video signal is generated by sequentially transferring the charges for each element of a line, in bucket-brigade fashion, to the input of the video amplifier. Sensitivity of the CCD to electrons has been demonstrated by the successful application in photocathode tubes, where the photoelectrons are accelerated to an energy up to 15 keV onto the image sensing area of the CCD. The application of the device in a 100 keV transmission electron microscope (Ferrier and Chapman, private communication), with the device in vacuo at the image plane, seems to have promising possibilities for image intensifier, electron counting, and computer input devices. A CCD readout system should have several advantages over previously designed video readout systems, including elimination of the phosphor, fiber optic or lens coupling, and intermediate image intensifier stages. The high gain and low noise of the device should allow detection of single electrons with a detective quantum efficiency near unity.

scholarly journals Video Techniques for Observation of the Leonid Storms

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1017-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Image Intensifier ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Video Detector ◽  
Current Systems

Video techniques, which provide high sensitivity, portability, moderate spatial resolution and excellent temporal resolution promise to be one of the most valuable methods for study of the forthcoming Leonid storm(s). While an unintensified video camera will detect very bright meteors (typically about 0 magnitude), some sort of image intensifier is needed to attain high meteor rates. Most current systems use a second or third generation microchannel plate (MCP) image intensifier lens or fibre-optically coupled to a charge coupled device (CCD) video detector.

A Low-Noise, High-Gain Quasi-Millimeter-Wave Receiver MMIC with a Very High Degree of Integration Using 3D-MMIC Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol E94-C (10) ◽  
pp. 1548-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takana KAHO ◽  
Yo YAMAGUCHI ◽  
Kazuhiro UEHARA ◽  
Kiyomichi ARAKI
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High ◽  
Millimeter Wave Receiver

scholarly journals Spectroscopic flat-fields can be used for precision CCD gain and noise tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gordon Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Optical Fibres ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Flat Field ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Analogue To Digital

Abstract One of the basic parameters of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera is its gain, that is, the number of detected electrons per output Analogue to Digital Unit (ADU). This is normally determined by finding the statistical variances from a series of flat-field exposures with nearly constant levels over substantial areas, and making use of the fact that photon (Poisson) noise has variance equal to the mean. However, when a CCD has been installed in a spectroscopic instrument fed by numerous optical fibres, or with an echelle format, it is no longer possible to obtain illumination that is constant over large areas. Instead of making do with selected small areas, it is shown here that the wide variation of signal level in a spectroscopic ‘flat-field’ can be used to obtain accurate values of the CCD gain, needing only a matched pair of exposures (that differ in their realisation of the noise). Once the gain is known, the CCD readout noise (in electrons) is easily found from a pair of bias frames. Spatial stability of the image in the two flat-fields is important, although correction of minor shifts is shown to be possible, at the expense of further analysis.

scholarly journals A 5.7GHz low noise figure ultra high gain CMOS LNA with inter stage technique

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 1686-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Kargaran ◽  
Hojat Khosrowjerdi ◽  
Karim Ghaffarzadegan ◽  
Hooman Nabovati
Keyword(s):  
Noise Figure ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Cmos Lna

Detailed Performance Analysis of a 10kW Dish∕Stirling System

2007 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Reinalter ◽  
S. Ulmer ◽  
P. Heller ◽  
T. Rauch ◽  
J.-M. Gineste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Energy ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Stirling Engine ◽  
Thermodynamic Efficiency ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Conversion Unit ◽  
A Charge

The CNRS-Promes dish∕Stirling system was erected in Jun. 2004 as the last of three country reference units built in the “Envirodish” project. It represents the latest development step of the EuroDish system with many improved components. With a measured peak of 11kW electrical output power, it is also the best performing system so far. The measurement campaign to determine the optical and thermodynamic efficiency of the system is presented. The optical quality of the concentrator and the energy input to the power conversion unit was measured with a classical flux-mapping system using a Lambertian target and a charge coupled device camera system. An efficiency of the concentrator including the intercept losses of 74.4% could be defined for this particular system. For the thermodynamic analysis all the data necessary for a complete energy balance around the Stirling engine were measured or approximated by calculations. For the given ambient conditions during the tests, a Stirling engine efficiency of 39.4% could be measured. The overall efficiency for the conversion of solar to electric energy was 22.5%.

scholarly journals A 60 GHz fully differential LNA in 90 nm CMOS technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Malignaggi ◽  
Amin Hamidian ◽  
Georg Boeck
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Noise Figure ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
60 Ghz ◽  
Fully Differential

The present paper presents a fully differential 60 GHz four stages low-noise amplifier for wireless applications. The amplifier has been optimized for low-noise, high-gain, and low-power consumption, and implemented in a 90 nm low-power CMOS technology. Matching and common-mode rejection networks have been realized using shielded coplanar transmission lines. The amplifier achieves a peak small-signal gain of 21.3 dB and an average noise figure of 5.4 dB along with power consumption of 30 mW and occupying only 0.38 mm2pads included. The detailed design procedure and the achieved measurement results are presented in this work.

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