Acute Ocular Effects of Mustard Gas: Anatomic Pathology and Immunohistopathology of Exposed Cornea

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 65-66
Author(s):  
J.P. Petrali ◽  
T.A. Hamilton ◽  
A.V. Finger ◽  
E. J. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
World War ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Corneal Damage ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
The Right ◽  
Eye Lesions

Sulfur mustard gas (HD), a synthetic vesicating agent used effectively as a major chemical warfare agent during World War 1, continues to be a modern day threat agent. Unfortunately there is no specific pretreatment or antidotal therapy for those who may become exposed. Whole body exposure results in cutaneous, respiratory and ocular effects. of these, eye impairment leads to the most immediate incapacitation. However HD-induced eye lesions remain to be fully characterized. In the present study we explore histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological effects of a vesicating dose of HD in rabbit cornea occurring during the first 24 hours following exposure.A 0.4μl drop of liquid HD was placed on the left cornea of anesthetized rabbits. The right cornea served as an unexposed control. Following exposure animals were returned to their cages and given appropriate care by an attending veterinarian. Eye injury was evaluated by clinical observations and given scores of severity from simple conjunctival redness to apparent corneal damage.

scholarly journals Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) 5. Accumulated Experience in the Treatment of Lesions Caused by Sulfur Mustard

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Cyanoacrylate Glue ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
Eye Lesions

ulfur mustard was widely used during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) and in other conflicts in the Middle East. Due to its availability, it can be used by terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation. Iran is the only country, against which mustard gas was used in modern warfare. The aim of this work is to analyze and summarize the experience of treating of sulfur mustard exposure, accumulated by Iranian specialists during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988). The UN official documents and materials, declassified CIA documents, articles of Iranian authors as well as other open sources have been used during its preparation. The Iraqi army used mustard gas in two aggregate states: liquid and dry. Dry mustard gas was a novelty of that war. It was a powdered silica steeped in mustard gas, with a particle size of less than 5 μm. The first signs and symptoms of poisoning could appear after 15 minutes, while acute poisoning effects of exposure to mustard gas vapour or liquid were typically delayed for several hours. The reasons for the severe mustard lesions of the servicemen were the lack of personal protective equipment, untimely evacuation from the mustard gas contamination zone, and the absence of mobile reserves of clean water and degassing installations in battle formations. Iranian experts consider 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution to be the most effective decontaminant. The only safe antidote is sodium thiosulfate, administered within 60 minutes after exposure to mustard gas. During the evacuation of victims and their treatment in hospitals it is necessary, in severe cases, to insert an intravenous catheter, carry out a tracheotomy with the installation of a tracheotomy tube, and use bronchoscopy as early as possible to flush the bronchi. The treatment of skin and eye lesions should be conservative. In case of a corneal perforation, if its diameter is more than 2 mm – keratoplasty, if it is less – cyanoacrylate glue. Treatment of respiratory lesions aims to relieve symptoms and reduce the severity of complications. For this, bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics and, if necessary, antibiotics are used. The use of corticosteroids should be limited to the treatment of those patients with bronchospasm, who can not be treated by bronchodilators. The Iranians also consider gene therapy and treatment with mesenchymal stem cells to be the promising method used in the treatment of lung lesions

Mustard-gas skin lesion and bullous pemphigoid antigen

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
John P. Petrali ◽  
Susan B. Oglesby ◽  
Tracey A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Bullous Pemphigoid ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Immunochemical Study ◽  
Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Bullous Diseases

Human dermal exposure to the chemical warfare agent, sulfur mustard gas (HD), results in the delayed formation of fluid filled bullae which are incapacitating, persistent and slow to heal. In animal investigations, the pathology is typically described as that occurring during a prevesication period and that of a vesication period. During the first 24 hours, the pathology involves the latent lethal targeting of epidermal basal cells, a disabling of hemidesmosomes (prevesication) and a progressive inflammatory edema of the lamina lucida all contributing to the formation of characteristic lucidolytic microvesicles persisting at the dermal epidermal junction (vesication). We are now investigating possible primary or secondary HD-induced effects on extracellular adherent structural proteins of the basement membrane microenvironment which may contribute to vesication or may influence the repair process. Proteins selected for immunochemical study were laminin, type IV collagen, bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA), fibronectin and desmosomal protein.Effects on BPA were of special interest. Its epitopes, BPA1 and BPA2, have been anatomically localized to basal cell hemidesmosomes and lamina lucida, and its role as an autoimmune antigen in the etiology of clinical bullous diseases such as bullous pemphigoid is well documented.

Mustard Gas Inhalation Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Keyser ◽  
Devon K. Andres ◽  
Wesley W. Holmes ◽  
Danielle Paradiso ◽  
Ashley Appell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Homeland Security ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Inhalation Injury ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Chemical Terrorism ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Gas Inhalation ◽  
Inhibitor Compounds

Mustard gas (sulfur mustard [SM], bis-[2-chloroethyl] sulfide) is a vesicating chemical warfare agent and a potential chemical terrorism agent. Exposure of SM causes debilitating skin blisters (vesication) and injury to the eyes and the respiratory tract; of these, the respiratory injury, if severe, may even be fatal. Therefore, developing an effective therapeutic strategy to protect against SM-induced respiratory injury is an urgent priority of not only the US military but also the civilian antiterrorism agencies, for example, the Homeland Security. Toward developing a respiratory medical countermeasure for SM, four different classes of therapeutic compounds have been evaluated in the past: anti-inflammatory compounds, antioxidants, protease inhibitors and antiapoptotic compounds. This review examines all of these different options; however, it suggests that preventing cell death by inhibiting apoptosis seems to be a compelling strategy but possibly dependent on adjunct therapies using the other drugs, that is, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protease inhibitor compounds.

scholarly journals Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-8 in Tear Fluid of Sulfur Mustard Gas-Exposed Patients with Eye Lesions

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (09) ◽  
pp. 790-795
Author(s):  
Reza Hajihosseini ◽  
Majid Shohrati ◽  
Mostafa Naderi ◽  
Nilofar Azimi ◽  
Mallek Astar Esfandiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Eye Lesions

Morphological Correlates of the Protection Afforded By Varma Mixture In Rat Cornea Exposed to Half Mustard (Cees).

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1178-1179
Author(s):  
J.P. Petrali ◽  
M. Henein ◽  
A.H. Ali ◽  
P.S. Devamanoharan ◽  
T.A. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Compound ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Apparent Attenuation ◽  
Epithelial Lesions ◽  
Antidotal Therapy

Whole body exposure to the chemical warfare agent, mustard gas, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, or its laboratory model compound, half mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), induces cutaneous, respiratory and ocular impairments. Of these, ocular damage causes the most immediate incapacitation with initial symptoms evident within minutes. This incapacitation is a result of irritation and edema of eyelids, conjunctiva and especially cornea. Development of corneal epithelial lesions and edema leads to deterioration of corneal transmissive and refractive properties with untoward effects on visual acuity. Heretofore, there has been no specific pretreatment, or antidotal therapy for mustard gas-induced ocular impairment. In the present study, we describe morphological correlates of the apparent attenuation of such damage by a mixture compound developed by Varma et al. Varma mixture (VM) consists of compounds known to provide bio-energetic support, prevent oxidative stress, modulate membrane permeability and support tissue metabolism. The mustard agent used in this study was CEES.

scholarly journals Small changes in ball position at address cause a chain effect in golf swing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Eun Kim ◽  
Jangyun Lee ◽  
Sae Yong Lee ◽  
Hae-Dong Lee ◽  
Jae Kun Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Golf Swing ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Professional Golfers ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate how the ball position along the mediolateral (M-L) direction of a golfer causes a chain effect in the ground reaction force, body segment and joint angles, and whole-body centre of mass during the golf swing. Twenty professional golfers were asked to complete five straight shots for each 5 different ball positions along M-L: 4.27 cm (ball diameter), 2.14 cm (ball radius), 0 cm (reference position at preferred ball position), – 2.14 cm, and – 4.27 cm, while their ground reaction force and body segment motions were captured. The dependant variables were calculated at 14 swing events from address to impact, and the differences between the ball positions were evaluated using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The left-sided ball positions at address showed a greater weight distribution on the left foot with a more open shoulder angle compared to the reference ball position, whereas the trend was reversed for the right-sided ball positions. These trends disappeared during the backswing and reappeared during the downswing. The whole-body centre of mass was also located towards the target for the left-sided ball positions throughout the golf swing compared to the reference ball position, whereas the trend was reversed for the right-sided ball positions. We have concluded that initial ball position at address can cause a series of chain effects throughout the golf swing.

The mucocutaneous manifestations of sulfur mustard gas on 1024 Iraqi victims: ISIS chemical attack in the South of Kirkuk

Toxin Reviews ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Seyed Naser Emadi ◽  
Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini ◽  
Ghasem Rahmat Pour Rokni ◽  
Seyed Emad Emadi ◽  
Shahin Hamzelou
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
The South ◽  
Chemical Attack

scholarly journals Alkylated epidermal creatine kinase as a biomarker for sulfur mustard exposure: comparison to adducts of albumin and DNA in an in vivo rat study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Steinritz ◽  
Robin Lüling ◽  
Markus Siegert ◽  
Julia Herbert ◽  
Harald Mückter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Dna Adducts ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Rat Skin

AbstractSulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent which use is banned under international law and that has been used recently in Northern Iraq and Syria by the so-called Islamic State. SM induces the alkylation of endogenous proteins like albumin and hemoglobin thus forming covalent adducts that are targeted by bioanalytical methods for the verification of systemic poisoning. We herein report a novel biomarker, namely creatine kinase (CK) B-type, suitable as a local biomarker for SM exposure on the skin. Human and rat skin were proven to contain CK B-type by Western blot analysis. Following exposure to SM ex vivo, the CK-adduct was extracted from homogenates by immunomagnetic separation and proteolyzed afterwards. The cysteine residue Cys282 was found to be alkylated by the SM-specific hydroxyethylthioethyl (HETE)-moiety detected as the biomarker tetrapeptide TC(-HETE)PS. A selective and sensitive micro liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem-mass spectrometry (µLC-ESI MS/HRMS) method was developed to monitor local CK-adducts in an in vivo study with rats percutaneously exposed to SM. CK-adduct formation was compared to already established DNA- and systemic albumin biomarkers. CK- and DNA-adducts were successfully detected in biopsies of exposed rat skin as well as albumin-adducts in plasma. Relative biomarker concentrations make the CK-adduct highly appropriate as a local dermal biomarker. In summary, CK or rather Cys282 in CK B-type was identified as a new, additional dermal target of local SM exposures. To our knowledge, it is also the first time that HETE-albumin adducts, and HETE-DNA adducts were monitored simultaneously in an in vivo animal study.

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