scholarly journals Chemical Weapons in the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) 5. Accumulated Experience in the Treatment of Lesions Caused by Sulfur Mustard

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Cyanoacrylate Glue ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
Eye Lesions

ulfur mustard was widely used during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) and in other conflicts in the Middle East. Due to its availability, it can be used by terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation. Iran is the only country, against which mustard gas was used in modern warfare. The aim of this work is to analyze and summarize the experience of treating of sulfur mustard exposure, accumulated by Iranian specialists during the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988). The UN official documents and materials, declassified CIA documents, articles of Iranian authors as well as other open sources have been used during its preparation. The Iraqi army used mustard gas in two aggregate states: liquid and dry. Dry mustard gas was a novelty of that war. It was a powdered silica steeped in mustard gas, with a particle size of less than 5 μm. The first signs and symptoms of poisoning could appear after 15 minutes, while acute poisoning effects of exposure to mustard gas vapour or liquid were typically delayed for several hours. The reasons for the severe mustard lesions of the servicemen were the lack of personal protective equipment, untimely evacuation from the mustard gas contamination zone, and the absence of mobile reserves of clean water and degassing installations in battle formations. Iranian experts consider 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution to be the most effective decontaminant. The only safe antidote is sodium thiosulfate, administered within 60 minutes after exposure to mustard gas. During the evacuation of victims and their treatment in hospitals it is necessary, in severe cases, to insert an intravenous catheter, carry out a tracheotomy with the installation of a tracheotomy tube, and use bronchoscopy as early as possible to flush the bronchi. The treatment of skin and eye lesions should be conservative. In case of a corneal perforation, if its diameter is more than 2 mm – keratoplasty, if it is less – cyanoacrylate glue. Treatment of respiratory lesions aims to relieve symptoms and reduce the severity of complications. For this, bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics and, if necessary, antibiotics are used. The use of corticosteroids should be limited to the treatment of those patients with bronchospasm, who can not be treated by bronchodilators. The Iranians also consider gene therapy and treatment with mesenchymal stem cells to be the promising method used in the treatment of lung lesions

scholarly journals Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-8 in Tear Fluid of Sulfur Mustard Gas-Exposed Patients with Eye Lesions

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (09) ◽  
pp. 790-795
Author(s):  
Reza Hajihosseini ◽  
Majid Shohrati ◽  
Mostafa Naderi ◽  
Nilofar Azimi ◽  
Mallek Astar Esfandiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Eye Lesions

Acute Ocular Effects of Mustard Gas: Anatomic Pathology and Immunohistopathology of Exposed Cornea

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 65-66
Author(s):  
J.P. Petrali ◽  
T.A. Hamilton ◽  
A.V. Finger ◽  
E. J. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agent ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
World War ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Corneal Damage ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
The Right ◽  
Eye Lesions

Sulfur mustard gas (HD), a synthetic vesicating agent used effectively as a major chemical warfare agent during World War 1, continues to be a modern day threat agent. Unfortunately there is no specific pretreatment or antidotal therapy for those who may become exposed. Whole body exposure results in cutaneous, respiratory and ocular effects. of these, eye impairment leads to the most immediate incapacitation. However HD-induced eye lesions remain to be fully characterized. In the present study we explore histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological effects of a vesicating dose of HD in rabbit cornea occurring during the first 24 hours following exposure.A 0.4μl drop of liquid HD was placed on the left cornea of anesthetized rabbits. The right cornea served as an unexposed control. Following exposure animals were returned to their cages and given appropriate care by an attending veterinarian. Eye injury was evaluated by clinical observations and given scores of severity from simple conjunctival redness to apparent corneal damage.

The mucocutaneous manifestations of sulfur mustard gas on 1024 Iraqi victims: ISIS chemical attack in the South of Kirkuk

Toxin Reviews ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Seyed Naser Emadi ◽  
Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini ◽  
Ghasem Rahmat Pour Rokni ◽  
Seyed Emad Emadi ◽  
Shahin Hamzelou
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
The South ◽  
Chemical Attack

Rapid Capture and Hydrolysis of a Sulfur Mustard Gas in Silver-Ion-Exchanged Zeolite Y

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 40651-40660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Rim Son ◽  
Min-Kun Kim ◽  
Sam Gon Ryu ◽  
Hyun Sung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Zeolite Y ◽  
Silver Ion ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

scholarly journals Organophosphorus Poisoning

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (172) ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi Prasad Paudyal
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Initial Management ◽  
Organophosphorus Poisoning ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of

Acute poisoning by organophosphorus (OP) compounds is a major global clinical problem, withthousands of deaths occurring every year. Most of these pesticide poisoning and subsequentdeaths occur in developing countries following a deliberate self ingestion of the poison. Metacid(Methyl parathion) and Nuvan (Dichlorovos) are commonly ingested OP pesticides; Dimethoate,Profenofos, and Chlorpyrifos are other less frequently ingested compounds in Nepal. The toxicityof these OP pesticides is due to the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymeleading to accumulation of acetylcholine and subsequent over-activation of cholinergic receptorsin various parts of the body. Acutely, these patients present with cholinergic crisis; intermediatesyndrome and delayed polyneuropathy are other sequel of this form of poisoning. The diagnosisdepends on the history of exposure to these pesticides, characteristic manifestations of toxicityand improvements of the signs and symptoms after administration of atropine. The supportivetreatment of OP poisoning includes the same basic principles of management of any acutelypoisoned patient i.e., rapid initial management of airways, breathing, and circulation. Gastriclavage and activated charcoal are routinely used decontamination procedures, but their valuehas not been conclusively proven in this poisoning. Atropine is the mainstay of therapy, andcan reverse the life threatening features of this acute poisoning. However, there are no clearcut guidelines on the dose and duration of atropine therapy in OP poisoning. Cholinesterasereactivators, by regenerating AChE, can reverse both the nicotinic and muscarinic effects;however, this benefit has not been translated well in clinical trials. All these facts highlight thatthere are many unanswered questions and controversies in the management of OP poisoningand there is an urgent need for research on this aspect of this common and deadly poisoning.Key Words: poisoning, organophosphorus insecticides, decontamination, antidotes

scholarly journals Are Iranian Sulfur Mustard Gas-Exposed Survivors More Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2? Some Similarity in Their Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Farnoosh ◽  
Mostafa Ghanei ◽  
Hossein Khorramdelazad ◽  
Gholamhossein Alishiri ◽  
Alireza Jalali Farahani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Gas Exposure

ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged as a health problem worldwide. It seems that COVID-19 is more lethal for Iranian veterans with a history of exposure to mustard gas. There are some similarities in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas in immune system disruption and pulmonary infection. SARS-CoV-2 and mustard gas inducing oxidative stress, immune system dysregulation, cytokine storm, and overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor in lungs that act as functional entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, Iranian survivors of mustard gas exposure are more susceptible and vulnerable to COVID-19. It is suggested that the principles of COVID-19 infection prevention and control be adhered to more stringently in Iranian survivors of mustard gas exposure than others who have not been exposed to mustard gas. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the different pathologic aspects of lung injury caused by mustard gas and also the relationship between this damage and the increased susceptibility of Iranian mustard gas exposed survivors to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Air oxidation of sulfur mustard gas simulants using a pyrene-based metal–organic framework photocatalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2422-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Ayoub ◽  
Mihails Arhangelskis ◽  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Florencia Son ◽  
Timur Islamoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Mustard Gas ◽  
Air Oxidation ◽  
Substitution Pattern ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Organic Framework

We demonstrate a microporous metal–organic framework NU-400 based on a 2,7-disubstituted pyrene linker as a highly efficient photosensitizer for generating singlet oxygen and subsequent oxidative degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The high activity of NU-400 permits photocatalytic conversion of the 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) mustard gas simulant into a benign sulfoxide derivative, in air, with less than 15 minutes’ half-life. This is a considerable improvement to NU-1000, based on a 1,3,6,8-tetrasubstituted pyrene unit, demonstrating how variation of the substitution pattern of a metal–organic framework linker permits modification of its photoactive behavior.

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