Oxidative stress and biochemical indicators in blood of patients addicted to alcohol treated for acute ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethylene glycol (EG), in addition to its neurotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, evokes oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the ethylene glycol on the biochemical indicators and oxidoreductive balance of patients treated for acute poisoning. The total study group consisted of 56 persons including 26 alcoholics who took EG as a substitute for ethyl alcohol in the course of alcohol dependence syndrome and 30 controls. Severity of poisoning, results of acid-base parameters, biochemical, and toxicological tests as well as biomarkers of the oxidative stress in blood were analyzed during the patients’ hospitalization. The key issue was to assess the oxidative stress and biochemical disturbances caused by EG and the type of treatment applied in the course of poisoning. Significant changes in some parameters were found both at time of diagnosis and after treatment initiation (ethanol as an antidote and hemodialysis). The most important differences included the activity of hepatic parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, AST) and oxidative stress markers like catalase (CAT); correlation of the lipid peroxidation products level (TBARS) with urea concentration has been shown. On the last day of the hospitalization, in some cases, the mutual correlation between the evaluated markers were observed, for example, between alanine transaminase (ALT) and glutathione reductase (GR), and urea concentration and glutathione level (GSH/GSSG). The concentration of ions (H+) had a major impact on the oxidoreductive balance, correlating with the elevated GR and GSH/GSSG levels.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS ON WORKERS WHEN APPLYING OBERON RAPID 240 SC

the issue of uncontrolled pesticides application is quite acute in the system of state control over the use of chemical plant protection products and is of a global nature. Indeed, the dangerous effect of chemicals is a potential toxic effect on professional and non-professional contingents. Therefore, the study and forecasting of possible risks of negative effects of pesticides is an integral part of their implementation in the practical activities of agricultural and private farms. The aim was to predict the occurrence of acute toxic effects on workers involved in the treatment of crops with formulation based on the new insecticide spiromesifen and a representative of avermectins, abamectin. Materials and methods. To calculate the coefficients of possible inhalation poisoning, the physic-chemical properties and consumption rates of the studied active ingredients of the Oberon Rapid 240 SC formulation, the methodical approaches from State Standard 8.8.1.002-98 wase used, and to determine the possibility of acute toxic effects, taking into account the selectivity of their action, we used the Sergeev’s S.G. method, taking into account two ways of potential entry of chemicals into the body – inhalation and dermal. Results. According to the "Hygienic classification of pesticides by the degree of hazard", spiromesifen and abamectin, as well as formulation based on them, belong to the Ⅳth hazard class according to the coefficient of possible inhalation poisoning, which was less than 0.5. In terms of inhalation and dermal coefficients of selectivity of action, the studied compounds were classified as substances with a high selectivity of action, except for the value of the coefficient of inhalation action of abamectin, which was less than 100 and made it possible to classify the compound as substances with a relatively low selectivity of action. Conclusions. The obtained data indicate a low possibility of acute poisoning when using formulations based on insecticides – spiromesifene and abamectin, as well as their relative safety in the occurrence of acute toxic effects when inhaled and in contact with the skin.

Pyrene-Based Fluorescent Porous Organic Polymers for Recognition and Detection of Pesticides

Eating vegetables with pesticide residues over a long period of time causes serious adverse effects on the human body, such as acute poisoning, chronic poisoning, and endocrine system interference. To achieve the goal of a healthy society, it is an urgent issue to find a simple and effective method to detect organic pesticides. In this work, two fluorescent porous organic polymers, LNU-45 and LNU-47 (abbreviation for Liaoning University), were prepared using π-conjugated dibromopyrene monomer and boronic acid compounds as building units through a Suzuki coupling reaction. Due to the large π-electron delocalization effect, the resulting polymers revealed enhanced fluorescence performance. Significantly, in sharp contrast with the planar π-conjugated polymer framework (LNU-47), the distorted conjugated structure (LNU-45) shows a higher specific surface area and provides a broad interface for analyte interaction, which is helpful to achieve rapid response and detection sensitivity. LNU-45 exhibits strong fluorescence emission at 469 nm after excitation at 365 nm in THF solution, providing strong evidence for its suitability as a luminescent chemosensor for organic pesticides. The fluorescence quenching coefficients of LNU-45 for trifluralin and dicloran were 5710 and 12,000 (LNU-47 sample by ca. 1.98 and 3.38 times), respectively. Therefore, LNU-45 serves as an effective “real-time” sensor for the detection of trifluralin and dicloran with high sensitivity and selectivity.

Nephrotoxic Effects of Paraoxon in Three Rat Models of Acute Intoxication

The delayed effects of acute intoxication by organophosphates (OPs) are poorly understood, and the various experimental animal models often do not take into account species characteristics. The principal biochemical feature of rodents is the presence of carboxylesterase in blood plasma, which is a target for OPs and can greatly distort their specific effects. The present study was designed to investigate the nephrotoxic effects of paraoxon (O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate, POX) using three models of acute poisoning in outbred Wistar rats. In the first model (M1, POX2x group), POX was administered twice at doses 110 µg/kg and 130 µg/kg subcutaneously, with an interval of 1 h. In the second model (M2, CBPOX group), 1 h prior to POX poisoning at a dose of 130 µg/kg subcutaneously, carboxylesterase activity was pre-inhibited by administration of specific inhibitor cresylbenzodioxaphosphorin oxide (CBDP, 3.3 mg/kg intraperitoneally). In the third model (M3), POX was administered subcutaneously just once at doses of LD16 (241 µg/kg), LD50 (250 µg/kg), and LD84 (259 µg/kg). Animal observation and sampling were performed 1, 3, and 7 days after the exposure. Endogenous creatinine clearance (ECC) decreased in 24 h in the POX2x group (p = 0.011). Glucosuria was observed in rats 24 h after exposure to POX in both M1 and M2 models. After 3 days, an increase in urinary excretion of chondroitin sulfate (CS, p = 0.024) and calbindin (p = 0.006) was observed in rats of the CBPOX group. Morphometric analysis revealed a number of differences most significant for rats in the CBPOX group. Furthermore, there was an increase in the area of the renal corpuscles (p = 0.0006), an increase in the diameter of the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT, p = 0.0006), and narrowing of the diameter of the distal tubules (p = 0.001). After 7 days, the diameter of the PCT lumen was still increased in the nephrons of the CBPOX group (p = 0.0009). In the M3 model, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the kidneys were revealed after the exposure to POX at doses of LD50 and LD84. Over a period from 24 h to 3 days, a significant (p = 0.018) expansion of Bowman’s capsule was observed in the kidneys of rats of both the LD50 and LD84 groups. In the epithelium of the proximal tubules, stretching of the basal labyrinth, pycnotic nuclei, and desquamation of microvilli on the apical surface were revealed. In the epithelium of the distal tubules, partial swelling and destruction of mitochondria and pycnotic nuclei was observed, and nuclei were displaced towards the apical surface of cells. After 7 days of the exposure to POX, an increase in the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was observed in the LD50 and LD84 groups (p = 0.019 and 0.026, respectively). Moreover, signs of damage to tubular epithelial cells persisted with blockage of the tubule lumen by cellular detritus and local destruction of the surface of apical cells. Comparison of results from the three models demonstrates that the nephrotoxic effects of POX, evaluated at 1 and 3 days, appear regardless of prior inhibition of carboxylesterase activity.

Delirium in Acute Poisoning with 1,4-Butanediol and Its Correction

Delirium complicating regular use of psychoactive substances remains one of the major issues of critical care, toxicology, and psychiatry. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms of delirium development in patients with 1,4-butanediol poisoning have been poorly studied until now.The aim of the study was to reveal specific patterns of delirium in patients with 1,4-butanediol poisoning as well as to study the changes in systemic hemodynamic parameters, respiratory function, and body fluid compartments during the treatment.Material and methods. The study was prospective and treatment-randomized. Forty-eight male patients aged 20 to 45 years with delirium and acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning were enrolled. Of them, 24 patients were administered with succinate-containing drug 40 ml daily, 24 patients received standard treatment without antihypoxic agents. We studied the evolution of delirium, changes in anaerobic metabolism parameters, systemic hemodynamics, respiratory function, and the volume of fluid compartments. Impedance measurement method adjusted for interference was used in the study.Results. At the «peak» of delirium (days 1–3), the hyperdynamic circulation, increased systemic arterial tone, stroke output, respiratory function parameters, and metabolic lactate acidosis were recorded. A decrease in total fluid volume and extracellular fluid volume was clearly observed during day 1 of intoxication delirium along with increased permeability of cell membranes. On day 3 of delirium, a decrease in intracellular fluid volume and increase in extracellular fluid volume were noted. After the cytoflavin administration, shorter delirium duration (7.5 [6; 8] days), more rapid correction of lactate acidosis, stabilization of respiratory parameters and stabilization of cell membrane permeability by day 5 were found. In the control group, delirium persisted for up to 14 [11; 15] days (z=-5.9; P=0.00011) with more frequent development of complications such as nosocomial pneumonia (χ2=8.4, P<0.001).Conclusion. The severity of delirium in acute poisoning with 1,4-butanediol was associated with metabolic lactate acidosis, changes in systemic hemodynamics and pulmonary function. A positive effect of adjunctive antihypoxic therapy with succinate-containing agent on cardio-respiratory parameters, cell membrane permeability, water balance due to elimination of tissue hypoxia and prompt switching to tissue aerobic metabolism has been found.

Synthetic Amphoteric Cryogels as an Antidote against Acute Heavy Metal Poisoning

The effectiveness of an amphoteric cryogel (AAC) as an oral sorbent (enerosorbent) for the treatment of acute poisoning of small animals (rats) with heavy metals (HMs) was studied in in vivo experiments. The morphological structure of the cryogel was examined using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and confocal microscopy. The use of the cryogel in the treatment of rats administered an LD50 dose of Cd(NO3)2, CsNO3, Sr(NO3)2, or HgCl2 in aqueous solution showed their high survival rate compared to the control group, which did not receive such treatment. The histological and chemical analysis of internal tissues and the biochemical analysis of the blood of the experimental animals showed the effectiveness of the cryogel in protecting the animals against the damaging effect of HMs on the organism comparable with unithiol, a chelating agent based on 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt (DMPS) approved for the treatment of acute poisoning with some heavy metals.

Storage of Imidaclopride and Acetamyprid in Biological Objects and Study of Conservative Effects on This Process

In this article is studied the biological conditions of imidacloprid and acetamiprid pesticides under laboratory conditions and the storage of the objects in a state preserved in ethyl alcohol. There were determined in the composition of the biological object stored in the laboratory the imidacloprid was detected after 13.07% in 90 days and in objects preserved with ethyl alcohol - 14.05%. When the biological object containing acetamiprid was analyzed after 90 days, it was found to be 4.45%, and when the object was stored under 95% ethyl alcohol5.72%. In the analysis of acute poisoning cases with imidacloprid and acetamiprid, it is recommended that their shelf life should be taken into consideration.

Review of the demographic pattern and outcomes of acute chemical poisoning in patients in a tertiary hospital in South-western Nigeria

Introduction: Acute chemical poisoning is a public health problem especially in developing countries where there is unrestricted access to chemical products, underreporting and absence of poisoning registers. Despite its importance, there is limited information on acute poisoning among adult population in Nigeria. The study was aimed at determining the demographic pattern and short term outcomes of acute chemical poisoning in patients in a tertiary health institution in South-western Nigeria over a 2 year period.Methodology: Records of cases of acute chemical poisoning over a 2-year period were retrieved and the following information extracted: socio-demographic data of patient, type of substance ingested, type of poisoning, reason for poisoning, intervention, and outcome of treatment. Results:There were 58 patients with a M:F ratio of 1:1.1. The mean age was 28.53±13.47 years. The most commonly ingested chemical was organophosphate seen in 31(53.4%). Poisoning was deliberate in 43 (74.1%); 36 patients (62.1%) had atropine; 16 patients (27.6%) had gastric lavage; one patient (1.7%) was dialyzed and 2 patients (3.4%) were admitted into ICU. Mortality rate was 8.6%. Conclusion: Deliberate acute chemical poisoning was common in young adults. Organophosphate is the most commonly ingested chemical. Government should enforce laws that that would restrict access to potentially harmful chemicals. French title: Schéma et résultats à court terme d'une intoxication chimique aiguë dans un hôpital tertiaire du sud-ouest du Nigéria Introduction : Les intoxications chimiques aiguës sont un problème de santé publique en particulier dans les pays en développement où il existe un accès illimité aux produits chimiques, une sous-déclaration et l'absence de registres des intoxications. Malgré son importance, il existe peu d'informations sur les intoxications aiguës parmi la population adulte au Nigéria.Objectif de l'étude: Déterminer le schéma démographique et les résultats à court terme des intoxications chimiques aiguës chez les patients d'un établissement de santé tertiaire du sud-ouest du Nigéria sur une période de 2 ans.Méthode de l'étude : Des dossiers de cas d'intoxication chimique aiguë sur une période de 2 ans ont été récupérés et les informations suivantes extraites : données sociodémographiques du patient, type de substance ingérée, type d'intoxication, raison de l'intoxication, intervention et résultat du traitement.Résultat de l'étude : Il y avait 58 patients avec un rapport M : F de 1:1,1. L'âge moyen était de 28,53 ± 13,47 ans. Le produit chimique le plus couramment ingéré était l'organophosphate vuswzsw3 dans 31 (53,4 %). L'empoisonnement était délibéré dans 43 (74,1 %); 36 patients (62,1%) avaient de l'atropine ; 16 patients (27,6 %) ont eu un lavage gastrique ; un patient (1,7%) a été dialysé et 2 patients (3,4%) ont été admis en réanimation. Le taux de mortalité était de 8,6%. Conclusion : Les intoxications chimiques aiguës délibérées étaient fréquentes chez les jeunes adultes. L'organophosphate est le produit chimique le plus couramment ingéré. Le gouvernement devrait appliquer des lois qui restreindraient l'accès aux produits chimiques potentiellement nocifs.