X-ray Image Compression: 16 Bit Counts Into 8 Bit Space

One way to improve upon the detection limits for digital images involves increasing the number of counts per pixel. Eight bits, or 1 byte (256 counts), per pixel is most commonly used for monochrome optical, electron and x-ray imaging. This number is well matched to the human eye which can discern approximately 128 gray values, while photographic and some laser printer outputs have the capability of displaying nearly 256 gray values. When the counts exceed 8 bits/pixel the recorded image file size will likely double to 16 bits/pixel.With the better imaging detection limits we are faced with the technical problem of how to view more than 256 gray levels. One solution to both problems is to store and display the square root of the image intensity. While the compressed data cannot be reconstructed exactly to match the original numbers it will be shown that no statistically significant data will be lost.This compression scheme reduces storage requirements by eliminating the statistical variations in the data. The square root display of the data into 256 levels also enhances low concentration visibility since the brightness change per gray level is greatest at low concentrations.

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A New Microscopy Facility for Optical, Electron and X-Ray Imaging at Diamond

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927616001914 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (S3) ◽

pp. 212-213

Author(s):

Paul Quinn ◽

Julia Parker ◽

Fernando Cach-Nerin ◽

Dogan Ozakaya ◽

Judy Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Optical Electron

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Research on Visible Light Imaging Assisted X-Ray Imaging Detection Technology

Journal of Sensor Technology and Application ◽

10.12677/jsta.2021.93015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 09 (03) ◽

pp. 119-124

Author(s):

浩轩焦

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

X Ray ◽

Detection Technology ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Imaging Detection ◽

Visible Light Imaging

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THICKNESS-COMPENSATED X-RAY IMAGING DETECTION OF BONE FRAGMENTS IN DEBONED POULTRYMODEL ANALYSIS

Transactions of the ASAE ◽

10.13031/2013.2725 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 453-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Y. Tao ◽

J. G. Ibarra

Keyword(s):

Model Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Bone Fragments ◽

Imaging Detection

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Progress in UV soft X-ray imaging

Laser and Particle Beams ◽

10.1017/s026303460000478x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 827-839

Author(s):

D. Schirmann ◽

J. L. Bocher ◽

J. P. Le Breton ◽

A. Mens ◽

R. Sauneuf

Keyword(s):

Spectral Range ◽

Recent Progress ◽

X Ray ◽

Multilayer Mirror ◽

Transmission Grating ◽

Grating Spectrometer ◽

Enhanced Sensitivity ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Imaging Detection ◽

Mirror Telescope

Soft X-ray imaging detection is usually made by using 101–01, 101–07, or SA1 Kodak films. Recent progress in thinned CCD fabrication allows us now to replace films by thinned CCDs to detect UV soft X-ray light with an enhanced sensitivity. We developed a thinned CCD system, and to demonstrate its applicability to replace photographic films we tested it behind a broad spectral range soft X-ray transmission grating spectrometer and a soft X-ray Mo/Si multilayer mirror telescope. Soft X-ray spectra and soft X-ray pictures of laser-created plasma are presented using these instruments implemented with a thinned CCD readout.

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Defects of Platelet Function Recognized by X-Ray Imaging and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119806 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 610-613

Author(s):

M.G. Baldini ◽

S. Morinaga ◽

D. Minasian ◽

R. Feder ◽

D. Sayre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Imaging Technique ◽

Human Platelets ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Complex Phenomena ◽

Scanning Electron

Contact X-ray imaging is presently developing as an important imaging technique in cell biology. Our recent studies on human platelets have demonstrated that the cytoskeleton of these cells contains photondense structures which can preferentially be imaged by soft X-ray imaging. Our present research has dealt with platelet activation, i.e., the complex phenomena which precede platelet appregation and are associated with profound changes in platelet cytoskeleton. Human platelets suspended in plasma were used. Whole cell mounts were fixed and dehydrated, then exposed to a stationary source of soft X-rays as previously described. Developed replicas and respective grids were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Designing high-resolution slow scan CCD-based TEM camera systems

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010012936x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 946-947

Author(s):

James F. Mancuso ◽

William B. Maxwell ◽

Russell E. Camp ◽

Mark H. Ellisman

Keyword(s):

Fiber Optics ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

High Energy ◽

Phosphor Layer ◽

X Ray ◽

Light Production ◽

Camera Systems ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Electron Image ◽

Scintillating Fiber

The imaging requirements for 1000 line CCD camera systems include resolution, sensitivity, and field of view. In electronic camera systems these characteristics are determined primarily by the performance of the electro-optic interface. This component converts the electron image into a light image which is ultimately received by a camera sensor.Light production in the interface occurs when high energy electrons strike a phosphor or scintillator. Resolution is limited by electron scattering and absorption. For a constant resolution, more energy deposition occurs in denser phosphors (Figure 1). In this respect, high density x-ray phosphors such as Gd2O2S are better than ZnS based cathode ray tube phosphors. Scintillating fiber optics can be used instead of a discrete phosphor layer. The resolution of scintillating fiber optics that are used in x-ray imaging exceed 20 1p/mm and can be made very large. An example of a digital TEM image using a scintillating fiber optic plate is shown in Figure 2.

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Ionic homeostasis and subcellular element compartmentation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010013434x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 150-151

Author(s):

Ann LeFurgey ◽

Peter Ingram ◽

J.J. Blum ◽

M.C. Carney ◽

L.A. Hawkey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leishmania Major ◽

Ionic Homeostasis ◽

X Ray ◽

Functional Studies ◽

Cell Compartments ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Multiple Cell ◽

Role Of Zn

Subcellular compartments commonly identified and analyzed by high resolution electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) include mitochondria, cytoplasm and endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. These organelles and cell regions are of primary importance in regulation of cell ionic homeostasis. Correlative structural-functional studies, based on the static probe method of EPXMA combined with biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, have focused on the role of these organelles, for example, in maintaining cell calcium homeostasis or in control of excitation-contraction coupling. New methods of real time quantitative x-ray imaging permit simultaneous examination of multiple cell compartments, especially those areas for which both membrane transport properties and element content are less well defined, e.g. nuclei including euchromatin and heterochromatin, lysosomes, mucous granules, storage vacuoles, microvilli. Investigations currently in progress have examined the role of Zn-containing polyphosphate vacuoles in the metabolism of Leishmania major, the distribution of Na, K, S and other elements during anoxia in kidney cell nuclel and lysosomes; the content and distribution of S and Ca in mucous granules of cystic fibrosis (CF) nasal epithelia; the uptake of cationic probes by mltochondria in cultured heart ceils; and the junctional sarcoplasmic retlculum (JSR) in frog skeletal muscle.

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