Localization-Based Super-Resolution Light Microscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin A. Gabor ◽  
Mudalige S. Gunewardene ◽  
David Santucci ◽  
Samuel T. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Diffraction Limit ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Molecular Length

Fluorescence microscopy is an essential and flexible tool for the study of biology, chemistry, and physics. It can provide information on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, since the inception of light microscopy, diffraction has limited the size of the smallest details that could be imaged in any sample using light. Because much of biology occurs on molecular length scales, interest in circumventing the diffraction limit has been high for many years. Recently, several techniques have been introduced that can bend or break the diffraction limit. Localization-based methods introduced in 2006 have reached this goal and are now rapidly growing in popularity.

Two-Point Separation in Far-Field Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Based on Two-Color Fluorescence Dip Spectroscopy, Part I: Experimental Evaluation

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 868-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Watanabe ◽  
Yoshinori Iketaki ◽  
Takashige Omatsu ◽  
Kimihisa Yamamoto ◽  
Masaaki Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Phase Modulation ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Diffraction Limit ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Fluorescent Beads ◽  
Fluorescent Image ◽  
Point Separation

The two-point resolution of a novel two-color far-field super-resolution fluorescence microscopy was evaluated by measuring fluorescent beads 100 nm in diameter. This microscopy is based on a combination of two-color fluorescence dip spectroscopy and a phase-modulation technique for a laser beam. By simply introducing two-color laser light, the size of the fluorescent image of a bead was shrunk down to a diameter of 250 nm from the diffraction-limited image with a diameter of 360 nm. For two closely adjacent fluorescent beads with a separation distance of 350 nm, the two-color microscope clearly gave separated fluorescence images, while the conventional one-color fluorescence microscope could not resolve them. It has been proved that our technique breaks Rayleigh's diffraction limit.

5. Eroded by ice

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
David J. A. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Wide Range

There is a very wide range of spatial and temporal scales reflected in the types of glacial erosional landforms, from individual millimetre-wide striae that can form over a few days to fjords tens of kilometres long that require hundreds of thousands of years to develop. Erosional landforms can be discussed in categories defined by three spatial scales: microscale, macroscale, and megascale, the latter also including whole landscapes that have unmistakable glacial erosional origins. ‘Eroded by ice’ describes these different erosional forms and explains that they are rarely viewed in isolation because microscale erosional marks are superimposed on macroscale forms, which in turn are superimposed on megascale surfaces to constitute erosional landscapes.

scholarly journals The PERSIANN Family of Global Satellite Precipitation Data: A Review and Evaluation of Products

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phu Nguyen ◽  
Mohammed Ombadi ◽  
Soroosh Sorooshian ◽  
Kuolin Hsu ◽  
Amir AghaKouchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Retrieval Algorithms ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Climate Prediction Center

Abstract. Over the past two decades, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) products have been incorporated in a wide range of studies. Currently, PERSIANN offers several precipitation products based on different algorithms available at various spatial and temporal scales, namely, PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS and PERSIANN-CDR. The goal of this article is to first provide an overview of the available PERSIANN precipitation retrieval algorithms and their differences. Secondly, we offer an evaluation of the available operational products over the Contiguous United States at different spatial and temporal scales using Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified gauge-based analysis as a benchmark. Finally, the available products are intercompared at a quasi-global scale. Furthermore, we highlight strength and limitations of the PERSIANN products and briefly discuss the expected future developments.

Dimensions and scales

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lambertus Lijklema
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Internal Loading ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Transverse Mixing ◽  
Wide Range

Phenomena in the environment occur on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This puts certain demands on the ways we perform research and model systems. Transverse mixing in rivers and internal loading of lakes with phosphates are examples illustrating certain features. Time lags in both ecosystems and in society in combination tend to postpone the solution of environmental problems. Eutrophication serves as an example.

scholarly journals A guide to super-resolution fluorescence microscopy

2010 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lothar Schermelleh ◽  
Rainer Heintzmann ◽  
Heinrich Leonhardt
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Optical Resolution ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Precise Localization ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
And Function

For centuries, cell biology has been based on light microscopy and at the same time been limited by its optical resolution. However, several new technologies have been developed recently that bypass this limit. These new super-resolution technologies are either based on tailored illumination, nonlinear fluorophore responses, or the precise localization of single molecules. Overall, these new approaches have created unprecedented new possibilities to investigate the structure and function of cells.

scholarly journals Light Microscopy of Mitochondria at the Nanoscale

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Jakobs ◽  
Till Stephan ◽  
Peter Ilgen ◽  
Christian Brüser
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Diffraction Limit ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Inner Membrane ◽  
Double Membrane ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy ◽  
Conventional Light Microscopy

Mitochondria are essential for eukaryotic life. These double-membrane organelles often form highly dynamic tubular networks interacting with many cellular structures. Their highly convoluted contiguous inner membrane compartmentalizes the organelle, which is crucial for mitochondrial function. Since the diameter of the mitochondrial tubules is generally close to the diffraction limit of light microscopy, it is often challenging, if not impossible, to visualize submitochondrial structures or protein distributions using conventional light microscopy. This renders super-resolution microscopy particularly valuable, and attractive, for studying mitochondria. Super-resolution microscopy encompasses a diverse set of approaches that extend resolution, as well as nanoscopy techniques that can even overcome the diffraction limit. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies using super-resolution microscopy to investigate mitochondria, discuss the strengths and opportunities of the various methods in addressing specific questions in mitochondrial biology, and highlight potential future developments.

scholarly journals The PERSIANN family of global satellite precipitation data: a review and evaluation of products

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5801-5816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phu Nguyen ◽  
Mohammed Ombadi ◽  
Soroosh Sorooshian ◽  
Kuolin Hsu ◽  
Amir AghaKouchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Retrieval Algorithms ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Daily Scale ◽  
Climate Prediction Center

Abstract. Over the past 2 decades, a wide range of studies have incorporated Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) products. Currently, PERSIANN offers several precipitation products based on different algorithms available at various spatial and temporal scales, namely PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS, and PERSIANN-CDR. The goal of this article is to first provide an overview of the available PERSIANN precipitation retrieval algorithms and their differences. Secondly, we offer an evaluation of the available operational products over the contiguous US (CONUS) at different spatial and temporal scales using Climate Prediction Center (CPC) unified gauge-based analysis as a benchmark. Due to limitations of the baseline dataset (CPC), daily scale is the finest temporal scale used for the evaluation over CONUS. Additionally, we provide a comparison of the available products at a quasi-global scale. Finally, we highlight the strengths and limitations of the PERSIANN products and briefly discuss expected future developments.

scholarly journals Beyond static spatial management: Scientific and legal considerations for dynamic management in the high seas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Ortuño Crespo ◽  
Joanna Mossop ◽  
Daniel Dunn ◽  
Kristina Gjerde ◽  
Elliott Hazen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Seas

Natural and human stressors in the high seas act across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. These include direct interaction such as fisheries bycatch or indirect interaction like warming oceans and plastic ingestion. Area-based management tools (ABMTs), such as marine protected areas and time-area closures, are a widely accepted and a broadly successful form of management used to mitigate localized human impacts on marine species and ecosystems. Protection provides an opportunity for population recovery, which can then propagate outside of the closure. As the United Nations negotiates a new treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, efforts to design and implement high seas ABMTs at appropriate scales are critical to ensure that these spatial protection measures are most effective and climate-ready in the face of changing oceans. Here we identify the four most important temporal scales – contemporary, intra-annual, multi-annual and multidecadal – for aligning high seas ABMTs to relevant ecological, oceanographic and atmospheric processes. From this, we explore how managers and decision-makers can integrate this knowledge when implementing a new treaty.

scholarly journals Beyond static spatial management: Scientific and legal considerations for dynamic management in the high seas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Ortuño Crespo ◽  
Joanna Mossop ◽  
Daniel Dunn ◽  
Kristina Gjerde ◽  
Elliott Hazen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Seas

Natural and human stressors in the high seas act across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. These include direct interaction such as fisheries bycatch or indirect interaction like warming oceans and plastic ingestion. Area-based management tools (ABMTs), such as marine protected areas and time-area closures, are a widely accepted and a broadly successful form of management used to mitigate localized human impacts on marine species and ecosystems. Protection provides an opportunity for population recovery, which can then propagate outside of the closure. As the United Nations negotiates a new treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, efforts to design and implement high seas ABMTs at appropriate scales are critical to ensure that these spatial protection measures are most effective and climate-ready in the face of changing oceans. Here we identify the four most important temporal scales – contemporary, intra-annual, multi-annual and multidecadal – for aligning high seas ABMTs to relevant ecological, oceanographic and atmospheric processes. From this, we explore how managers and decision-makers can integrate this knowledge when implementing a new treaty.

scholarly journals Marine ecosystem acoustics (MEA): quantifying processes in the sea at the spatio-temporal scales on which they occur

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 2357-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav Rune Godø ◽  
Nils Olav Handegard ◽  
Howard I. Browman ◽  
Gavin J. Macaulay ◽  
Stein Kaartvedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Sustainable management of fisheries resources requires quantitative knowledge and understanding of species distribution, abundance, and productivity-determining processes. Conventional sampling by physical capture is inconsistent with the spatial and temporal scales on which many of these processes occur. In contrast, acoustic observations can be obtained on spatial scales from centimetres to ocean basins, and temporal scales from seconds to seasons. The concept of marine ecosystem acoustics (MEA) is founded on the basic capability of acoustics to detect, classify, and quantify organisms and biological and physical heterogeneities in the water column. Acoustics observations integrate operational technologies, platforms, and models and can generate information by taxon at the relevant scales. The gaps between single-species assessment and ecosystem-based management, as well as between fisheries oceanography and ecology, are thereby bridged. The MEA concept combines state-of-the-art acoustic technology with advanced operational capabilities and tailored modelling integrated into a flexible tool for ecosystem research and monitoring. Case studies are presented to illustrate application of the MEA concept in quantification of biophysical coupling, patchiness of organisms, predator–prey interactions, and fish stock recruitment processes. Widespread implementation of MEA will have a large impact on marine monitoring and assessment practices and it is to be hoped that they also promote and facilitate interaction among disciplines within the marine sciences.

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