It is well known that the imposition of a static magnetic field tends to suppress motion in an electrically conducting liquid. Here we look at the magnetic damping of liquid-mental flows where the Reynolds number is large and the magnetic Reynolds number is small. The magnetic field is taken as uniform and the fluid is either infinite in extent or else bounded by an electrically insulating surface S. Under these conditions, we find that three general principles govern the flow. First, the Lorentz force destroys kinetic energy but does not alter the net linear momentum of the fluid, nor does it change the component of angular momentum parallel to B. In certain flows, this implies that momentum, linear or angular, is conserved. Second, the Lorentz force guides the flow in such a way that the global Joule dissipation, D, decreases, and this decline in D is even more rapid than the corresponding fall in global kinetic energy, E. (Note that both D and E are quadratic in u). Third, this decline in relative dissipation, D / E, is essential to conserving momentum, and is achieved by propagating linear or angular momentum out along the magnetic field lines. In fact, this spreading of momentum along the B-lines is a diffusive process, familiar in the context of MHD turbulence. We illustrate these three principles with the aid of a number of specific examples. In increasing order of complexity we look at a spatially uniform jet evolving in time, a three-dimensional jet evolving in space, and an axisymmetric vortex evolving in both space and time. We start with a spatially uniform jet which is dissipated by the sudden application of a transverse magnetic field. This simple (perhaps even trivial) example provides a clear illustration of our three general principles. It also provides a useful stepping-stone to our second example of a steady three-dimensional jet evolving in space. Unlike the two-dimensional jets studied by previous investigators, a three-dimensional jet cannot be annihilated by magnetic braking. Rather, its cross-section deforms in such a way that the momentum flux of the jet is conserved, despite a continual decline in its energy flux. We conclude with a discussion of magnetic damping of axisymmetric vortices. As with the jet flows, the Lorentz force cannot destroy the motion, but rather rearranges the angular momentum of the flow so as to reduce the global kinetic energy. This process ceases, and the flow reaches a steady state, only when the angular momentum is uniform in the direction of the field lines. This is closely related to the tendency of magnetic fields to promote two-dimensional turbulence.
Theory of cosmic ray modulation
