scholarly journals Formation, destruction and chemical influences of water ice: A review of recent laboratory results

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (A29B) ◽  
pp. 385-389
Author(s):  
Karin I. Öberg
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Planet Formation ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Addition Reactions ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Recent Laboratory

AbstractWater ice is the dominant constituent of icy grain mantles in the interstellar medium, and as such one of the most abundant species during all stages of star and planet formation. Its formation through atom addition reactions on grain surfaces, its destruction through different desorption channels, and its influence on the chemistry and desorption efficiencies of other species in icy grain mantles have all been the objects of intense study. This contribution reviews our current understanding of these processes, and the laboratory experiments that have been instrumental in establishing the existing paradigm.

Concentration of Impurities during Melting of Snow Made from Secondary Sewage Effluent

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zapf-Gilje ◽  
S. O. Russell ◽  
D. S. Mavinic
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Potassium Chloride Solution ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Solution Field ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

When snow is made from sewage effluent, the impurities become concentrated in the early melt leaving the later runoff relatively pure. This could provide a low cost method of separating nutrients from secondary sewage effluent. Laboratory experiments showed that the degree of concentration was largely independent of the number of melt freeze cycles or initial concentration of impurity in the snow. The first 20% of melt removed with it 65% of the phosphorus and 90% of the nitrogen from snow made from sewage effluent; and over 90% of potassium chloride from snow made from potassium chloride solution. Field experiments with a salt solution confirmed the laboratory results.

scholarly journals Social Tipping Interventions Can Promote the Diffusion or Decay of Sustainable Consumption Norms in the Field. Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Intervention Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3529
Author(s):  
Joël Berger
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Recent Laboratory

The diffusion of environmentally sustainable consumption patterns is crucial for reaching net carbon neutrality. As a promising policy tool for reaching this goal, scholars have put forward social tipping interventions (SOTIs). “Social tipping” refers to the phenomenon that a small initial change in a parameter of a social system can create abrupt, nonlinear change via self-reinforcing feedback. If this reduces the burden on the environment, it is of potential interest for environmental policy. SOTIs are attempts to create social tipping intentionally. SOTIs produce rapid norm changes in laboratory experiments. However, little is known about the potential of SOTIs in the field. This research reports on a field intervention promoting the consumption of hot beverages in reusable mugs instead of one-way cups, conducted at Swiss university cafeterias (N = 162,523 consumption decisions). Two SOTIs involved an appeal promoting sustainable consumption with regular feedback about the current prevalence of sustainable consumption. Two control treatments involved either the same appeal without feedback or no intervention. This research offers three key findings. First, SOTIs involving regular normative feedback can transform sustainable consumption from a minority behavior into a social norm within weeks. Second, tipping points in real-world environmental dilemmas may exceed the values found in recent laboratory experiments (≥50% vs. ≥25%). Third, SOTIs can also promote the decay of sustainable consumption. By implication, the risk-free use of SOTIs requires deeper insights into the boundary conditions of these dynamics.

FREQUENCY VARIATION IN IONOSPHERIC CYCLOTRON HARMONIC SERIES OBTAINED BY THE ALOUETTE I SATELLITE

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Barrington ◽  
Luise Herzberg
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Cyclotron Frequency ◽  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Experimental Accuracy ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Cyclotron Harmonics ◽  
Cyclotron Harmonic ◽  
Recent Laboratory

Ionograms produced by the Alouette I topside sounder frequently show well-developed series of cyclotron harmonics. Their frequencies have been determined from A (amplitude) scans with an accuracy of ~0.02 Mc/s for the sweep range of 1 to 6 Mc/s. In all cases examined, the frequencies of all of the members of the harmonic series are, within the experimental accuracy, integral multiples of the cyclotron frequency derived from the best present estimates of the earth's magnetic field strength at the satellite height. This result is discussed in the light of recent laboratory results and theoretical studies.

Sticky Ice Grains Aid Planet Formation: Unusual Properties of Cryogenic Water Ice

2005 ◽  
Vol 620 (2) ◽  
pp. 1027-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
R. C. Bell ◽  
M. J. Iedema ◽  
A. A. Tsekouras ◽  
J. P. Cowin
Keyword(s):  
Planet Formation ◽  
Water Ice

scholarly journals Upper Extremity Biomechanics and Gender: The Effects of Modern Computing Technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 967-971
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Coppola ◽  
Jack.T Dennerlein
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Activity Performance ◽  
Repetitive Injury ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Forearm Muscle ◽  
Recent Laboratory

Mobile computing devices are often designed with a one-size-fits-all approach, and consumers purchase devices based off of technical specifications rather than whether the devices fit them. Female gender is associated with higher risks of upper extremity repetitive injury, which may be caused by the generally smaller anthropometry of women (Cote, 2011; Won, Johnson, Punnett, & Dennerlein, 2009). This paper explores two mobile technologies’ effects on forearm muscle activity, performance, and self-reported experience within each gender for two recent laboratory experiments. A typing study with four short travel keyboards showed that female participants are more affected by different key switch designs than male participants. A touchscreen thumb swiping study revealed that male and female participants were similarly affected by tablet size, swipe location, and swipe direction. These results demonstrate the need to include both genders in usability testing for mobile technology and to consider individual differences when designing technologies.

Judgment Based Marketing Decision Models: Problems and Possible Solutions

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipankar Chakravarti ◽  
Andrew Mitchell ◽  
Richard Staelin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Decision Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Marketing Decision ◽  
Recent Laboratory

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the findings of two field studies and three recent laboratory experiments that assessed the efficacy of judgment based models in aiding marketing decision making. This analysis indicates factors that may affect the effectiveness of these models. The implications of the findings for users of judgment based marketing decision models as well as model builders are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research to improve the models’ effectiveness.

Pulsars and Interstellar Scintillations

2000 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Y. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Pulsar Emission ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Electron Density Fluctuations

AbstractIn this paper, I review our current understanding of interstellar scintillations (ISS) of pulsars. The emphasis is on new results that have appeared during the last five years. The topics covered include (i) review of the understanding of refractive ISS (ii) the shape of the spectrum of electron density fluctuations in the interstellar medium (iii) the distribution of scattering plasma in the Galaxy (iv) resolving pulsar emission regions using ISS and (v) ISS and pulsar velocities.

scholarly journals Computational studies into urea formation in the interstellar medium

2020 ◽  
Vol 497 (4) ◽  
pp. 5413-5420
Author(s):  
Eren C S Slate ◽  
Rory Barker ◽  
Ryan T Euesden ◽  
Max R Revels ◽  
Anthony J H M Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Radical Reaction ◽  
Closed Shell ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Charged Species ◽  
Ice Shell ◽  
Partial Water

ABSTRACT Formation routes, involving closed shell, radical, and charged species for urea, have been studied using computational methods to probe their feasibility in the interstellar medium. All reactions involving closed shell species were found to have prohibitive barriers. The radical–radical reaction possesses a barrier of only 4 kJ mol−1, which could be surmountable. A charged species based route was also investigated. A barrier of only 8 kJ mol−1 was found in that case, when a partial water ice shell was included.

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