The effect of days in milk and physiological state (number of mammary glands milked) on the partitioning of increments of metabolisable energy in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
R.M. Kirkland ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The response in milk energy output to increasing metabolisable energy intake (MEI) is curvilinear and obeys the law of diminishing returns (Blaxter, 1966). This curvilinearity can be explained by the increased partitioning of MEI to body tissue as intake increases. Rationing dairy cows for cost-effective milk production requires prediction of the extent and nature of this partitioning phenomenon. However, the current rationing system in the U.K., the ME system, does not address this issue. The objective of this study was to examine two of the possible animal factors which might influence the partitioning of increments of MEI given above requirements i.e. days in milk (DIM) and physiological state (number of mammary glands milked) of the animal.

The effect of stage of lactation in dairy cattle on the partitioning of increments of metabolisable energy between milk and body tissue

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R.M. Kirkland ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Current Energy

The current energy rationing system in the U.K., the metabolisable energy (ME) system (AFRC, 1993) takes no account of the partitioning of increments of ME intake (MEI) between milk energy output (E1) and body tissue (Eg). However, recent work at this Institute, Agnew et al., 1999, has shown that the response in E1 to increasing MEI complies to the law of diminishing returns, while the converse response is obtained for Eg. Rationing cows for economic milk production requires a full understanding of the dietary and animal factors which influence this partitioning. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of one animal factor, stage of lactation, on the partitioning of increments and decrements of MEI between E1 and Eg.

The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN MILK, BODY TISSUE AND FAECES OF LACTATING WHITE FULANI (BUNAJI) ZEBU CATTLE AT IBADAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
E. A. Olaloku
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Group B

The daily gross energy intake, milk production, faecal output and liveweight changes of two sets of 16 White Fulani (Bunaji) Zebu Cattle, designated Groups A and B sub-divided into four stages of lactation were measured in feeding trials over a period of 16 week. Group A received supplementary concentrates at pasture whilst B received no supplementation. Relating energy output as milk, body tissue and faeces to the gross energy consumed, showed that faecal energy accounted for 37.97 to 38.61 percent of the losses for Group A and 34.76 to 37.43 percent in Group B. Energy output in milk averaged 6.89 to 10.21 percent of gross consumed for Group A and only 4.25 to 5.85 percent for Group B. Energy deposited as body tissue was low, averaging 1.18 to 1.92 percent for Group A cows and 0.14 to 0.67% for Group B

Relationship between predicted energy requirements and measured energy intake of dairy cattle at pasture

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Fulkerson ◽  
RC Dobos ◽  
PJ Michell
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Measured Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Standard Energy

Intakes of metabolisable energy (ME) in grazed herbage, silage, hay and grain were measured in dairy cows on 2 farmlets during 2 consecutive 12-month periods. Measured intakes were compared with predicted 'requirements' for ME, calculated by using values for liveweight and milk production measured during the 2 periods. These results validate the use of standard energy allowances to predict ME requirements of dairy cattle grazing in an environment similar to that described here. The measured (mean � s.d.) ME intake was 95 � 6.7% of predicted requirements using standard energy allowances.

An examination of metabolisable energy requirements of lactating dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
R.M. Kirkland ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Factorial Approach ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Efficiency Factors

The present energy rationing system used in the U.K., the metabolisable energy (ME) system (AFRC, 1990), is an empirical model incorporating a factorial approach to estimate the requirements of animals. Axiomatically, when this approach is adopted each component of the system must be accurately determined. Recent studies at this Institute using regression techniques have indicated that ME requirements for maintenance (MEm) are greater than that predicted using the equations of AFRC (1990), while the efficiency of use of ME for lactation (kl) is in line with the latter predictions (Kirkland and Gordon, 1999). There is a paucity of recent data relating to the efficiency of use of ME for tissue gain during lactation (kg), and the efficiency of use of body tissue for milk production (krl). The objective of the present study was to use regression techniques with data obtained from several recent calorimetric trials at this Institute to predict the MEm and efficiency factors of lactating dairy cows offered different diet types.

Limits to sustained energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 1967-1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Johnson ◽  
J. R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYWe have previously observed that female MF1 mice appeared to reach a limit in their food intake and milk production during late lactation, reaching a plateau between days 13 and 16 of lactation and between litter sizes of 9 and 15. These mice did not increase their food intake when forced to raise more offspring or when manipulated to be concurrently pregnant during late lactation, yet they did eat significantly more food at the peak of their second sequential lactation or when challenged with food of reduced energy content. These data suggest that apparent limits on sustained energy intake in this strain may not reflect central limitations but rather peripheral constraints at the mammary glands. In this study, we aimed to determine whether these were indeed limits by increasing the demands on the females during late lactation by cold-exposure (8°C). Females responded to this manipulation by significantly increasing their food intake (F1,73=77.53, P&lt;0.001) above that of lactating females kept in warmer conditions (21°C). In addition, there was a significant reduction in the number of pups raised in the cold (t=2.36, d.f.=18, P=0.03), with the majority of the mortality occurring within the first 2 days of cold-exposure. The mean mass of the pups raised in the cold was significantly lower (F1,74=13.8, P&lt;0.001) than that of those raised in the warm. Despite the cold-exposure and the increased food intake, there was no difference in the resting metabolic rates of the two groups of mothers or in the lengths of their small intestine. The greater food intake of lactating mice during cold-exposure supported our previous observations that they were capable of eating more food than the previously suggested limit of 23.1gday−1. However, the milk energy output of females in the cold was also significantly higher than in the warm (F1,15=11.99, P=0.003), indicating that the asymptotic food intake of females in the warm was not mediated by limitations in their milk production. Sustained energy intake in these mice does not appear to be centrally or peripherally limited. Rather, the mice may restrain their use of energy during their first lactation because of life-history consequences for future reproductive attempts.

Milk yield responses by dairy cows in mid-lactation to changes in feeding levels

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

The reduction in milk production following a decrease in feeding level was compared with the increase in milk following an increase in feeding level of cows. Forty cows in their 5th month of lactation were allocated to 2 groups and offered either ad libitum pasture or restricted in their grazing so that, after 32 days, the difference in daily milk yield between the groups averaged 3 L/cow. Cows in each group were then offered cut pasture in stalls for 4 weeks to obtain mean daily intakes of either 14.4 or 10.2 kg DM/ cow The reduction in yield of milk energy (0.133 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following the decrease of intake from 14.4 to 10.2 kg DM/cow.day was similar to the increase in yield of milk energy (0.140 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following an increase in intake from 10.2 to 14.4 kg DM/cow.day. We conclude that, for cows in mid-lactation, the decrease in milk production following a decrease in feeding level is similar to the increase in milk production following an increase in feeding level. This implies that increases in milk production due to increased feeding can be predicted from experiments which measured reductions in milk production.

Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eugène ◽  
D. Massé ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
C. Benchaar
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Lipid Supplementation

A meta-analysis was conducted to statistically determine the effects of lipid supplementation on methane (CH4) production, milk production, and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. For this purpose, a data base was built using seven scientific publications (25 diets) available in the literature and reporting the effects of lipid supplementation on CH4 production, milk production, and milk composition. Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) by 6.4% compared with control diets, whereas production of milk and 4% FCM and milk composition were not changed (P > 0.05). Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) CH4 production by 9%, either expressed as MJ d-1 or as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy intake (DEI), or metabolizable energy intake (MEI). This reduction was mainly a consequence of a decreased DMI. Key words: Meta-analysis, lipid supplementation, methane, dairy cows, lactating

The effect of fodder beet inclusion on milk production and nitrogen and energy utilization of grass silage based diets by lactating dairy cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 5-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. McIlmoyle ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
D.J. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

In a previous experiment with dairy cows at this Institute, in which fodder beet was included as a third component of the diet along with grass silage and concentrate, fodder beet considerably increased metabolisable energy intake (MEI), but there was little effect on milk yield (unpublished data). The main objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of including fodder beet versus concentrate in a grass silage diet, on milk production, digestibility of nutrients and the utilization of nitrogen (N) and energy at equal ME intake in lactating dairy cattle.

A new look at energy discounts: using published studies to calculate discounted net energy values for dairy cows fed ad libitum

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Prediction ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Prediction Systems ◽  
The University

Correct assessment of the energetic density of a diet fed to dairy cows is fundamental to accurate prediction of performance. Feeding experiments using lactating Holstein cows fed ad libitum, as reported by North American research facilities in peer-reviewed publications since 1990 in which the actual NEl density of the diet could be calculated from performance, and three dietary energy prediction systems [i.e., NRC (1989), NRC (2001) and an approach developed at the University of California at Davis (UCD)] were used to determine if the NEl discount (i.e., depression) in diets above maintenance (M) energy intake (i.e., 1 ×M) is linear or curvilinear. The principle used was that the expected NEl of the diets could be estimated using the three systems (at 3 ×M ), as well as the NEl calculated from observed performance of the cows, and the deviation (or difference) between the actual and estimated dietary NEl density could be regressed against the actual NEl output (×M) to determine the form of the expected decline in the NEl density of the diet as the energy output (relative to maintenance energy intake) of the cows increased. Results show that output of NEl (×M) is not a predictor of the deviation of the actually calculated NEl level of the diet vs. that estimated by any system. This was unexpected, as all three NEl estimation systems presume a linear decline in the deviation as level of NEl output (×M) increases. In contrast to NEl output (×M), intake of DM (g kg-1 body weight) was a weak predictor (r2 = 0.36 to 0.39 depending on system) of the diet NEl density deviation. The best predictors of diet NEl deviation in all three systems were DM intake (g kg-1BW) and NEl output (×M) combined, where r2 values were much higher (0.76 to 0.79), and there was little evidence of prediction bias in any system. Results suggest that the NEl density of a diet is a function of the inherent characteristics of the diet (i.e., its intrinsic digestibility), its level of consumption, and the genetic merit (and/or stage of lactation ) of the cows that eat it. The lack of a relationship between the deviation of the actually calculated vs. predicted NEl concentration shows that the three NEl prediction equations examined are fundamentally incorrect in their assumption that the NEl concentration of diets declines as the NEl output (×M) of the cows consuming them increases. However, the inaccurate estimates of the actual NEl densities by the systems can be corrected by application of appropriate equations that consider the anticipated level of DM intake and NEl output. Key words: Discount, net energy for lactation

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