INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN MILK, BODY TISSUE AND FAECES OF LACTATING WHITE FULANI (BUNAJI) ZEBU CATTLE AT IBADAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
E. A. Olaloku
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Group B

The daily gross energy intake, milk production, faecal output and liveweight changes of two sets of 16 White Fulani (Bunaji) Zebu Cattle, designated Groups A and B sub-divided into four stages of lactation were measured in feeding trials over a period of 16 week. Group A received supplementary concentrates at pasture whilst B received no supplementation. Relating energy output as milk, body tissue and faeces to the gross energy consumed, showed that faecal energy accounted for 37.97 to 38.61 percent of the losses for Group A and 34.76 to 37.43 percent in Group B. Energy output in milk averaged 6.89 to 10.21 percent of gross consumed for Group A and only 4.25 to 5.85 percent for Group B. Energy deposited as body tissue was low, averaging 1.18 to 1.92 percent for Group A cows and 0.14 to 0.67% for Group B

The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

The effect of days in milk and physiological state (number of mammary glands milked) on the partitioning of increments of metabolisable energy in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
R.M. Kirkland ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The response in milk energy output to increasing metabolisable energy intake (MEI) is curvilinear and obeys the law of diminishing returns (Blaxter, 1966). This curvilinearity can be explained by the increased partitioning of MEI to body tissue as intake increases. Rationing dairy cows for cost-effective milk production requires prediction of the extent and nature of this partitioning phenomenon. However, the current rationing system in the U.K., the ME system, does not address this issue. The objective of this study was to examine two of the possible animal factors which might influence the partitioning of increments of MEI given above requirements i.e. days in milk (DIM) and physiological state (number of mammary glands milked) of the animal.

Effect of type of supplement on goat milk production under grazing conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
P. Frutos ◽  
J. López ◽  
P. Lavín ◽  
P. Díez ◽  
A.R. Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Group A ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The value of the goat for milk and meat production has been recognized especially for arid zones, where these ruminants can use natural resources. When goats under grazing conditions are supplemented, changes in milk yield, according to type of supplement, are expected.This experience was carried out with the aim to study the effect of type of supplement on milk production under grazing conditions.A total of 48 adult Alpine goats were allocated into four groups (12 goats/group) according with the type of supplement offered:Group A: 600 g /head/day of a concentrate mixture with high protein content (Soybean + barley grain + maize grain + mineral-vitamin supplement).Group B: 600 g barley grain /head/day.Group C: 600 g hay /head/day.Group D: no supplement.

Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eugène ◽  
D. Massé ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
C. Benchaar
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Lipid Supplementation

A meta-analysis was conducted to statistically determine the effects of lipid supplementation on methane (CH4) production, milk production, and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. For this purpose, a data base was built using seven scientific publications (25 diets) available in the literature and reporting the effects of lipid supplementation on CH4 production, milk production, and milk composition. Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) by 6.4% compared with control diets, whereas production of milk and 4% FCM and milk composition were not changed (P > 0.05). Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) CH4 production by 9%, either expressed as MJ d-1 or as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy intake (DEI), or metabolizable energy intake (MEI). This reduction was mainly a consequence of a decreased DMI. Key words: Meta-analysis, lipid supplementation, methane, dairy cows, lactating

The effect of stage of lactation in dairy cattle on the partitioning of increments of metabolisable energy between milk and body tissue

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R.M. Kirkland ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Current Energy

The current energy rationing system in the U.K., the metabolisable energy (ME) system (AFRC, 1993) takes no account of the partitioning of increments of ME intake (MEI) between milk energy output (E1) and body tissue (Eg). However, recent work at this Institute, Agnew et al., 1999, has shown that the response in E1 to increasing MEI complies to the law of diminishing returns, while the converse response is obtained for Eg. Rationing cows for economic milk production requires a full understanding of the dietary and animal factors which influence this partitioning. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of one animal factor, stage of lactation, on the partitioning of increments and decrements of MEI between E1 and Eg.

Thermal Environment Change in Growing Premature Infants: Effect on General Somatic Growth and Subcutaneous Fat Accumulation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Ruth Heimler ◽  
James E. Sumners ◽  
John P. Grausz ◽  
Craig L. Kien ◽  
John C. Glaspey
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Fourteen growing, healthy premature infants were moved from heated incubators to cribs at different points in their growth. Group A (six babies) was moved when babies reached a weight of 1,600 to 1,700 gm; group B (eight babies) when babies reached a weight of 1,800 to 1,900 gm. All other conditions of rearing were kept the same. The effect on their growth and thermal stability was measured during the week before and after the temperature change. All infants tolerated the change well. There was no drop in abdominal temperature in an environment cooler by 5 C. The rate of weight gain correlated with gross energy intake only and did not differ within or between the two groups. The rate of growth of the skinfolds increased dramatically after the infants were moved from the incubator. A cooler environment in a growing premature infant (weight &gt;1,600 gm) may promote faster deposition of subcutaneous fat. This might be an important factor in efficient gain in cold resistance.

scholarly journals Effects of an injectable long-acting formulation of ivermectin on Onchocerca ochengi in zebu cattle

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Michel Boussinesq ◽  
Peter Enyong ◽  
Patrick Chounna-Ndongmo ◽  
Abdel-Jelil Njouendou ◽  
Sébastien David Pion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Treated Animal ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Onchocerca Ochengi ◽  
Group A ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Group B ◽  
Skin Samples

The availability of a safe macrofilaricidal drug would help to accelerate onchocerciasis elimination. A trial was conducted in Cameroon to evaluate the effects of a subcutaneous injectable long-acting formulation of ivermectin (LAFI) on the microfilariae (mf) and adult stages of Onchocerca ochengi. Ten zebu cattle naturally infected with the parasite were injected subcutaneously with either 500 mg (group A, N = 4), or 1000 mg long-acting ivermectin (group B, N = 4) or the vehicle (group C, N = 2). Skin samples were collected from each animal before, and 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment to measure microfilarial densities (MFDs). Nodules excised before, and 6 and 12 months after treatment were examined histologically to assess the adult worms’ viability and reproductive status. Blood samples were collected at pre-determined time-points to obtain pharmacokinetic data. Before treatment, the average O. ochengi MFDs were similar in the three groups. Six months after treatment, all animals in groups A and B were free of skin mf, whereas those in group C still showed high MFDs (mean = 324.5 mf/g). Only one ivermectin-treated animal (belonging to group A) had skin mf 12 months after treatment (0.9 mf/g). At 24 months, another animal in group A showed skin mf (10.0 mf/g). The histologic examination of nodules at 6 and 12 months showed that LAFI was not macrofilaricidal but had a strong effect on embryogenesis. The new LAFI regimen might be an additional tool to accelerate the elimination of human onchocerciasis in specific settings.

scholarly journals Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with unsaturated fats

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanthi Mendis ◽  
U. Samarajeewa ◽  
R. O. Thattil
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Group A ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Group B

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of reducing saturated fat in the diet, or partly replacing it with unsaturated fat, on the serum lipoprotein profile of human subjects. The study had two intervention periods, 8 weeks (phase 1) and 52 weeks (phase 2). In phase 1, total fat was reduced from 31 to 25 % energy (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA):saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.4) by reducing the quantity of coconut fat (CF) in the diet from 17.8 to 9.3 % energy intake. In phase 2, subjects were randomised to groups A and B. In group A total fat was reduced from 25 to 20 % energy (PUFA:SFA ratio increased from 0.4 to 0.7) by reducing the quantity of CF in the diet from 9.3 to 4.7 % total energy intake. In group B, the saturated fat content in the diet was similar to group A. In addition a test fat (a mixture of soyabean oil and sesame oil, PUFA:monosaturated fatty acids ratio 2) contributed 3.3 % total energy intake and total fat contributed 24 % energy intake (PUFA:SFA ratio increased from 0.7 to 1.1). At the end of phase 1, there was a 7.7 % reduction in cholesterol (95 % CI -3.6, -12.2) and 10.8 % reduction in LDL (95 % CI -4.9, -16.5) and no significant change in HDL and triacylglycerol. At the end of phase 2, the reduction in cholesterol in both groups was only about 4 % (95 % CI -12, 3.2) partly due the concomitant rise in HDL. The reduction in LDL at 52 weeks was significantly higher in group B (group A mean reduction 11 %, 95 % CI -20.1, -2.0 and group B mean reduction 16.2 % 95 % CI -23.5, -8.9). In phase 2, triacylglycerol levels showed a mean reduction of 6.5 % in group 2A and a mean increase of 8.2 % in group 2B. The reduction of saturated fat in the diet is associated with a lipoprotein profile that would be expected to reduce cardiovascular risk. The reduction of dietary saturated fat with partial replacement of unsaturated fat brings about changes in total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol that are associated with a lower cardiovascular risk.

Effects of dietary active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supply at two levels of concentrate on energy and nitrogen utilisation and methane emissions of lactating dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Muñoz ◽  
D. A. Wills ◽  
T. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Nitrogen Utilisation ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Yeast Product

Twenty early lactation dairy cows were used to evaluate the effects of the dietary addition of an active dried yeast product at two levels of concentrate on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, methane (CH4) emissions and energy and nitrogen utilisation. This study was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a two (concentrate level) × two (yeast supplement) factorial treatment arrangement, with four periods (6 week/period) and a 3-week interval between each period. Cows were offered grass silage-based diets consisting of two levels of concentrate (300 and 600 g/kg), with or without supplement of 0.5 g/day of an active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain) with a specification of 2 × 1010 cfu/g. Feed dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, bodyweight and body condition score were similar between yeast treatments at both concentrate levels. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by yeast supplementation. Energy intake and faecal, urinary, CH4 and milk energy outputs were also not affected by yeast supplementation. Yeast supplementation had no effects on energy partitioning but tended to increase heat production and decreased energy retention. Yeast supplementation at two levels of concentrate had no effect on total CH4 emissions, but tended to increase CH4 per unit of feed intake and CH4 energy output per unit of gross energy intake. There were no effects of yeast supplementation on CH4 per unit of milk yield. Yeast supplementation had no effect on any variable of nitrogen intake, output or utilisation. Overall, the dietary addition of an active dried yeast product at two concentrate feeding levels had no effects on feed intake, milk production, milk composition, nutrient digestibility, or nitrogen utilisation efficiency and only tended to increase heat production, CH4 per unit of feed intake and CH4 energy output per unit of gross energy intake in lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals Pijat Oketani dan Tekanan di Titik Akupresur GB-21 terhadap Produksi ASI pada Ibu Post Sectio Caesarea

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
Putri Permata Sari ◽  
Irna Nursanti ◽  
Giri Widakdo
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Sectio Caesarea ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of oketani massage and acupressure pressure of GB-21 on milk production in post-Caesarea section mothers. The research method used is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design, one group pre-posttest design. The results showed that the pressure on the acupressure point of GB-21 was sufficient based on mother and baby indicators. The statistical test results showed differences in milk production before and after pressure at the acupressure point of Gb-12 (p-value = 0.000). In conclusion, oketani massage is more effective in increasing milk production in group A, post section caesarea mothers compared to group B, the pressure at the acupressure point Gb-21 from infant indicators.   Keywords: Gb-21 Acupressure, Breast Milk, Oketani Massage, Sectio Caesarea

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