The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eugène ◽  
D. Massé ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
C. Benchaar
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Lipid Supplementation

A meta-analysis was conducted to statistically determine the effects of lipid supplementation on methane (CH4) production, milk production, and milk composition of lactating dairy cows. For this purpose, a data base was built using seven scientific publications (25 diets) available in the literature and reporting the effects of lipid supplementation on CH4 production, milk production, and milk composition. Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) by 6.4% compared with control diets, whereas production of milk and 4% FCM and milk composition were not changed (P > 0.05). Lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) CH4 production by 9%, either expressed as MJ d-1 or as a percentage of gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy intake (DEI), or metabolizable energy intake (MEI). This reduction was mainly a consequence of a decreased DMI. Key words: Meta-analysis, lipid supplementation, methane, dairy cows, lactating

Increasing Energy Ration of Bali Cattle to Improve Digestible Nutrient, Milk Yield and Milk Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Suryani ◽  
I Wayan Suarna ◽  
Ni Putu Sarini ◽  
I Gede Mahardika
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Parent Body ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Increase Energy Intake ◽  
Bali Cattle

To determine the effect of energy levels on digestible nutrient, milk production and milk quality of 7 months pregnant Bali cattle, was the purpose of this study. The study was conducted in Bali, Province of Indonesia on 12 pregnant breeding phase of pre-calving (2 months before the birth) with the parent body weight 329-340 kg/head. The treatment given is four types of Metabolizable Energy (ME) levels: 2000, 2100, 2200 and 2300/kg respectively as treatment A, B, C, and D. All ration contain 10% of crude protein. Variables measured: energy intake, digestible nutrient, milk yield, and milk quality. This research is a randomized block design. The results showed that increase energy ration until 2300 kcal ME/kg would significantly (P<0.05) increase energy intake and highest at cattle consumed ratio D is 22239.55 kcal/day. However, digestible nutrient was not affected. Milk production increased with increasing energy rations and highest (P<0.05) at cattle received treatment D is 2179.83 ml/day compared to treatment A 936.67 ml/day. Milk fat and milk lactose also highest (P<0.05) in treatment D are 8.56% and 4.76% respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that increase energy ration will increase energy intake, milk yield and milk fat and milk lactose of Bali cattle. 

Influence of plane of nutrition and diet composition on rumen fermentation and energy utilization by dairy cows

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
W. H. Broster ◽  
E. Schuller ◽  
D. J. Napper ◽  
Valerie J. Broster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Nutrition And Diet

SummaryMean digestible energy (DE) intakes of 147 cows of three parities receiving three levels of DE including one ad libitum (about 2·2, 2·6 and 3·3 multiples of maintenance (MM)) drawn from three mixed diets containing hay and 60, 75 or 90% compound were calculated.Rumen samples were taken from three-quarters of the cows at monthly intervals throughout the experiment. Molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were not affected by stage of lactation over the 36 weeks of the experiment. The proportion of acetic acid decreased and that of propionic acid increased with greater intakes and with higher proportions of compound in the diet. The proportion of n-butyric acid was little affected by level of intake but decreased with increasing proportions of compound. In young, non-lactating cattle given the same diets but at lower levels of intake, VFA proportions were unaffected by diet composition at intakes of about 0·7 MM but at intakes of about 1·3 MM the proportion of acetate decreased and that of propionate increased when the proportion of compound was increased from 75 to 90%.The efficiency of milk energy production in relation to DE or metabolizable energy (ME) above maintenance decreased with increasing level of intake but was little affected by the proportion of compound. Partition towards live weight increased with level of intake in early lactation but not in late lactation. It also increased with higher proportions of compound in mid and late lactation but not in early lactation.Estimates of the ME requirement for live-weight change (LWC) were in reasonable agreement with recently published standards in early lactation when live weight was decreasing, but later in lactation when live-weight gain was occurring, a much higher value was calculated which is difficult to reconcile with these standards.Rumen VFA proportions were related to dietary fibre concentration and level of intake additively. The relationship to VFA proportions was close for milk fat concentration, but less so for energy partition towards live weight and none was apparent for the efficiency of ME utilization for milk energy production. It is suggested that both the reduction in milk fat concentration and the increase in milk yield in response to reductions in the fibre content of diets may be independently related to the increase in the proportion of propionate in the rumen VFA.It is concluded that further progress in studies of the dietary factors affecting the efficiency of milk production will require measurements of nutrient uptake from the digestive tract and description of milk production and LWC in terms of their chemical composition rather than energy alone.

The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling on the response to bacterial inoculation. 1. Silage fermentation and nutrient utilization over three harvests

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
M. G. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Total N ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
The Mean

AbstractFour silages were prepared from perennial ryegrass swards at each of first (primary growth), second (first regrowth) and third (second regrowth) harvests during the 1993 growing season. At each harvest the four silages included two unwilted (without and with inoculant at 2·4 l/t) and two wilted (without and with inoculant at 24 l/t). The four silages within a single harvest, were offered as the total diet at maintenance levels to 12 wether sheep for 3 weeks to determine nutrient apparent digestibilities. They were also given to 12 lactating dairy coivs together with a concentrate supplement, in a three-period change-over study with experimental periods of 8-weeks duration, to examine dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility and utilization of nitrogen (N) and energy in the diets.Inoculation tended to improve silage fermentation with on average lower pH and ammonia-N/total-N across the three harvests, while wilting of grass prior to ensiling significantly increased silage pH fP < 0·001) and ammonia-N/total-N (P < 0·001). Neither inoculation nor wilting had any significant effect on mean nutrient apparent digestibilities, assessed through sheep, across the three harvests. However, at the second harvest inoculation significantly reduced apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0·001) and N (P < 0·001). At this harvest, wilting also significantly decreased apparent digestibilities of DM (P<0·05) and N (P <0·01), but significantly increased apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0·05), energy (P < 0·001) and N (F < 0·05) at the third harvest. When the silages were offered as mixed diets to dairy cattle, neither inoculation nor wilting had significant effects on digestibilities of DM, N and energy at any of the three harvests, except for wilting which significantly decreased DM apparent digestibilities (P < 0·05) at the second harvest. However, the mean apparent digestibilities of DM (P < 0·01), N (P < 0·05) and energy (P < 0·01) across the three harvests were significantly lower following wilting, and N apparent digestibility (P < 0·05) was significantly higher following inoculation. The calorimetric data indicated that inoculaton had no significant effects on either methane energy output or heat production. Wilting also had no significant effect on methane energy output, but significantly increased daily heat production (P<0·05) at the first harvest. The efficiencies of metabolizable energy utilization for lactation (k1) were similar between the four silages at each of the first and second harvests, with the average being 0·50. The results of the present study indicated that inoculation tended to improve silage fermentation and significantly increased mean N apparent digestibility of mixed diets across the three harvests, while wilting significantly reduced mean DM, N and energy apparent digestibilities of mixed diets. Neither inoculation nor wilting had significant effects on Rvalue.

scholarly journals The effect of fat supplementation of concentrates on digestion and utilization of energy by productive dairy cows.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. van der Honing ◽  
B.J. Wieman ◽  
A. Steg ◽  
B. van Donselaar
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The One ◽  
Lipid Supplement

Two energy balance experiments each used 6 high-yielding dairy cows. In the first, a 3 X 3 Latin square with one replicate, rations were of 7 kg hay and 11 to 14 kg of concentrates having crude protein 251 g and gross energy 17.9 MJ/kg, given alone or with 5% tallow or 5% soya bean oil. Three weeks of adaptation were followed by 10 to 12 days when excreta were collected and gas exchange estimated. Digestibility and metabolizable energy of concentrates and hay were also assessed using wethers fed to maintenance only. Intakes of DM and digestibility of nutrients other than lipid did not differ among treatments with either sheep or cows. There were no apparent differences in rumen fermentation in the one cannulated cow used, and energy loss in urine was also unaffected. Lipid supplement reduced methane loss. Milk yield and milk energy were increased with tallow, with a simultaneous reduction of milk fat and percentage of protein. Soya bean oil reduced the percentage of milk fat and milk energy produced. The second trial, using similar animals and with similar management had a change-over design in which the concentrate was given alone or with 7% tallow. Results confirmed those of trial 1. The effect of level of feeding on the efficiency of utilization of energy is discussed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Energy partitioning and methane emission by sheep fed sorghum silages at different maturation stages

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.S. Machado ◽  
N.M. Rodríguez ◽  
L.C. Gonçalves ◽  
J.A.S. Rodrigues ◽  
M.N. Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Gross Energy

Energy partitioning and methane production by sheep fed silages of three commercially available sorghum hybrids (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) harvested at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and floury) were evaluated in open circuit respiration chambers. A complete randomized design was used in a 3 × 3 (hybrids × maturity stages) factorial arrangement, and the means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The intake of dry matter, digestible dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy and metabolizable energy were not affected by maturation stage, but were influenced by hybrid. The net energy intake was influenced by maturity and sorghum genetics. The fecal output represented the main source of energy loss, as percentage of gross energy intake (48% to 52%), followed by heat increment (10% to 19%), methane emissions (4% to 6%) and urine (1% to 2%). There were no differences (P>0.10) among the treatments for the apparent digestibility of gross energy and metabolizability (qm). An interaction (P<0.05) between sorghum hybrid and maturation stages was observed for the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km), which ranged between 0.53 and 0.78. No differences (P>0.10) among treatments occurred in the daily methane production. There is substantial genetic diversity within sorghum species, determining different nutritional values. Sorghum genetics and maturity at harvest should not be an opportunity to reduce the contribution of agriculture to methane emissions.

INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN MILK, BODY TISSUE AND FAECES OF LACTATING WHITE FULANI (BUNAJI) ZEBU CATTLE AT IBADAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
E. A. Olaloku
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Group B

The daily gross energy intake, milk production, faecal output and liveweight changes of two sets of 16 White Fulani (Bunaji) Zebu Cattle, designated Groups A and B sub-divided into four stages of lactation were measured in feeding trials over a period of 16 week. Group A received supplementary concentrates at pasture whilst B received no supplementation. Relating energy output as milk, body tissue and faeces to the gross energy consumed, showed that faecal energy accounted for 37.97 to 38.61 percent of the losses for Group A and 34.76 to 37.43 percent in Group B. Energy output in milk averaged 6.89 to 10.21 percent of gross consumed for Group A and only 4.25 to 5.85 percent for Group B. Energy deposited as body tissue was low, averaging 1.18 to 1.92 percent for Group A cows and 0.14 to 0.67% for Group B

The effect of days in milk and physiological state (number of mammary glands milked) on the partitioning of increments of metabolisable energy in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
R.M. Kirkland ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The response in milk energy output to increasing metabolisable energy intake (MEI) is curvilinear and obeys the law of diminishing returns (Blaxter, 1966). This curvilinearity can be explained by the increased partitioning of MEI to body tissue as intake increases. Rationing dairy cows for cost-effective milk production requires prediction of the extent and nature of this partitioning phenomenon. However, the current rationing system in the U.K., the ME system, does not address this issue. The objective of this study was to examine two of the possible animal factors which might influence the partitioning of increments of MEI given above requirements i.e. days in milk (DIM) and physiological state (number of mammary glands milked) of the animal.

The influence of cow genetic merit for milk production on response to level of concentrate supplementation in a grass-based system

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kennedy ◽  
P. Dillon ◽  
P. Faverdin ◽  
L. Delaby ◽  
F. Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate if there is a genotype ✕ feeding system interaction for milk production in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. For this purpose, 48 high genetic merit (HM) and 48 medium genetic merit (MM) dairy cows, were used in a two (genotypes) ✕ three (levels of concentrate feeding) randomized-block design experiment in three consecutive years. In year 1, all animals were in their first lactation, while in year 2 and year 3, 18 and 12 first lactation cows replaced animals culled at the end of the previous lactation. A total of 66 cows remained in the study in the same feeding system for the 3-year duration of the study. Concentrate feeding levels were 376, 810 and 1540 kg per cow per lactation; these were identified as the LC, MC and HC feeding systems respectively. There was a separate farmlet for each feeding system; farmlets were managed so that pre-grazing and post-grazing herbage height were similar for all three feeding systems. When compared on treatment means there was a significant genotype ✕ feeding system interaction for fat yield, while for mean solid-corrected milk yield the interaction was close to statistical significance (P = 0·07). However, regression coefficients of both milk and protein yield on pedigree index for milk and protein yield were significantly different between the LC and the HC. The interaction between feeding system and the regression of both on pre-experimental milk and protein yield were close to statistical significance (P = 0·08 and P = 0·09 respectively). Outputs of milk, fat, protein and lactose were greater for the HM than the MM cows. Feeding system had a significant effect on milk, fat, protein and lactose yields. There was a significant genotype ✕ feeding system interaction for body condition score (BCS) at the end of lactation; the MM cows had a higher rate of body tissue repletion than the HM cows especially in the HC system. The results suggest that there is a genotype ✕ concentrate feeding level interaction and that feeding systems developed in the past for animals of lower genetic merit may require adaptation if they are to be optimal for higher genetic merit animals.

scholarly journals Body Condition Score, Rumination, Intake, Milk Production and Milk Composition of Grazing Dairy Cows Supplemented with Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
Long Cheng ◽  
Razaq Balogun ◽  
Fanzeng Meng ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Brendan Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Protein Pellet ◽  
Milk Urea

The study utilised a pasture grazing based, voluntary traffic automatic milking system to investigate milk production of cows fed a pasture-based diet and supplemented with a pellet formulated with vs. without rumen-protected lysine and methionine (RPLM). The study adopted a switch-over design (over two periods of 5 and 10 weeks, respectively) and used 36 cows and equally allocated them into two experimental groups. The RPLM (Trial) pellet had 2% lower crude protein, but similar metabolizable energy content compared to the Control pellet. Pellet intake was 10.0 and 9.4 kg/day/cow. Milk yield was 36.2 and 34.4 kg/day/cow (p = 0.23), and energy corrected milk was 35.1 and 33.8 kg/day/cow (p = 0.076), and milk solids was 2.55 and 2.46 kg/cow/day (p = 0.073) in the Control and Trial groups, respectively. Milk fat%, milk protein%, milk fat: protein ratio, milking frequency and rumination time were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). In period 1, plasma glucose was 3.1 mmol/L for both groups and milk urea were 150 and 127 mg/L in the Control and Trial groups, respectively. Both plasma glucose (as a proxy for energy supply) and milk urea (as a proxy for nitrogen use efficiency; NUE) were not different between groups (p > 0.05). This study showed that under a grazing pasture system, feeding lactating dairy cows a low protein pellet with RPLM supplementation, maintained milk production performance and NUE, compared with cows fed a high protein Control pellet diet with no RPLM. Further research should assess the long-term (seasonal) effects of feeding a diet formulated with RPLM on cow intake, health and reproductive performance.

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