Loop ultrastructure and development in Recent Megathiridoidea, with description of a new genus, Joania (type species Terebratula cordata Risso, 1826)

Author(s):  
Fernando Alvarez ◽  
C. Howard C. Brunton ◽  
Sarah L. Long

ABSTRACTThe loop configuration, structure and growth are studied in a series of megathiridoid dorsal valves ranging in length from 0·7 to 6 mm. The structure of the posterior and anterior sectors of the descending lamellae and their relationships with the socket ridges, dorsal septa and dorsal valve floor, are studied, illustrated and described. Detailed studies show that internal structures display great variability. In the megathiridoids the lamellae of more typical terebratulide loops are replaced by partially developed loops in early developmental stages, resulting in a mix of free sections of loop together with sections where the lophophore rests directly on the epithelium of the valve floor. Comments on the ecology of the megathiridoid species are included and relate their unusually wide gapes, which position their lophophores fully accessible to the open sea, with their strong lophophore attachments and loss of typical free loops. The new genus Joania (type species Terebratula cordata Risso, 1826) is erected for those Argyrotheca which, although having a typical megathiridoid brachidium, differ in their adult crural development, their narrow hinge line, their prominent cardinal process, their characteristic dorsal median septum and their tuberculate radial ridges terminating anteriorly in tubercles.

1915 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Allan Thomson

The subfamilies Thecidiinæ, Dall, and Leptodinæ, Schuchert, constitute the family Thecidiidæ, Gray, which is regarded by Schuchert as a near relation of the Strophomenidæ. The chief external characters of the Thecidiinæ are the smallness of the shells, the absence of the foramen, attachment by the ventral valve, the presence of a nearly straight hinge-line and of a prominent area with a solid deltidium. The shell substance, with the exception of the deltidium, is punctate. Internally the ventral valve bears in its hollow beak a small edian septum on which is sometimes superposed a small muscular plate. The dorsal valve bears a so-called cardinal process, formed by the median union of the socket ridges, and this plate is strong, subrectangular, and hollow at its base, and projects beyond the hinge. In most of the genera two lateral spurs unite mesially to form a bridge just in front of the cardinal process, over the visceral cavity. There are no free brachial arms, but the brachial supports are represented by an anterior septum, frequently branched, and lamellae rising from the floor of the valve in the spaces between the septum and its branches, the margins, and the bridge. The septum runs back from the anterior margin towards the bridge, and like the margins and the bridge, is more or less covered with granulations.


Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4661 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-586
Author(s):  
KYOHEI WATANABE

Japanese species of the genus Xanthocampoplex Morley, 1913 are reviewed. Three species previously belonging to this genus, X. caloptiliae Kusigemati, 1982, X. kumatai Kusigemati, 1982 and X. spulerinae Kusigemati, 1982 share unique character states and thus I describe a new genus, Kusigematia gen. nov. including K. caloptiliae (Kusigemati, 1982) comb. nov., K. kumatai (Kusigemati, 1982) comb. nov. (type species of the genus) and K. spulerinae (Kusigemati, 1982) comb. nov. This genus morphologically resembles Xanthocampoplex, but it can be distinguished by the following combination of character states: flagellum covered with long setae and with an erect very long seta on apex (these setae short in Xanthocampoplex); all flagellomeres longer than wide (at least some apical flagellomeres as long as wide or wider than long in Xanthocampoplex); tarsal claws small and simple (small to moderate length and pectinate in Xanthocampoplex); apex of dorsal valve of ovipositor with a distinct convexity behind of notch (not convex in Xanthocampoplex), body, excluding legs and wings, largely black to blackish brown (yellow or black with conspicuous large yellow markings in Xanthocampoplex); host is Gracillariidae (Cossidae and Crambidae in Xanthocampoplex). Xanthocampoplex chinensis Gupta, 1973 is newly recorded from Japan and Palaearctic region. 


1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Sandy

Juvenile specimens of the short-looped terebratulid brachiopod genusPseudorhaetinaSandy have been investigated by the use of transverse serial sections. Internal structures indicate a simple brachidium (loop) is present with long flanges in adult specimens; the brachidium is approximately half the length of the dorsal valve; there is no complex loop metamorphosis in the central cavity of the brachiopod (i.e., no median septum). This combination of characters presents a taxonomic problem—Pseudorhaetinacan neither be referred with confidence to superfamily Terebratuloidea, nor superfamily Loboidothyridoidea. ConsequentlyPseudorhaetinais, for the time being, assigned to a new and as yet unnamed superfamily representing a previously unrecognized part of the post-Paleozoic recovery and reradiation of Mesozoic articulate brachiopods (Rhynchonellata of Williams et al., 1996).


The Geologist ◽  
1860 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 219-240
Author(s):  
Thomas Davidson

The shells composing this species vary but slightly in shape, being marginally semicircular, concavo-convex, and about one-third wider than long. The hingeline is straight, and either a little shorter, with its cardinal angles rounded, or somewhat longer than the greatest width of the shell, with rectangular or slightly acute and extended terminations. Both valves are provided with narrow sub-parallel areas, the ventral one, which is the largest, being divided by a small fissure, partially covered with a pseudo-deltidium; while in the middle of the ventral one there exists a prominent V-shaped cardinal process. The ventral valve is moderately convex, and flattened towards its auriculate cardinal extremities. The beak, which is small and incurved, does not overlie the hinge-line; while the dorsal valve assumes in different specimens a greater or lesser degree of concavity, and follows the curves of the opposite one. Exteriorly the surface of the ventral valve is covered with numerous small thread-like radiating striæ, which increase in number by occasional bifurcation, or interstriations at various distances from the beak, so that as many as one hundred and twenty ribs may be counted round the margin of certain specimens, while at irregular distances small spines projected from the rounded surface of the striæ. In addition to these, on each side of the beak there exists along the cardinal edge from five to nine slanting tabular spines, which become longer and larger as they approach the extremities of the cardinal edge. The surface of the dorsal valve is striated as in the ventral one; and minute perforations or punctures may be perceived over the entire surface of the shell, and which are the exterior orifices of the canals which traverse the shell, as in Productus.


2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (34) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
J. L. García - Alcalde

Resumen: Se discute el origen, evolución, relaciones y variabilidad ornamental intra-específica de los géneros estrofodóntidos de Europa occidental y N de África, Beethovenia n. g. y Plicostropheo­donta Sokolskaya, 1960. Se describen y figuran las especies cantábricas Beethovenia bachi n. sp., del Praguiense inferior, Plicostropheodonta crassicosta n. sp., del Emsiense inferior, P. latronensis n. sp. y B. beethoveni n. sp., de la parte inferior del Emsiense superior y B. brahmsi n. sp. y P. diffusa (D. & P. Oehlert, 1896), de la parte superior del Emsiense superior, de la que se aportan nuevos datos sobre localidad y estratotipo en el área de Ferroñes. B. bachi n. sp. debió proceder de la especie cantábrica Fascistropheodonta primaeva García-Alcalde, la más antigua del género, del Lochkoviense más alto o Praguiense más bajo, y originaría, a su vez, durante el Praguiense, formas plicostrofeodontoides próximas a B. acutiplicata (Oehlert y Davoust, 1879). De algún antecesor de estas formas, sur­gieron, a su vez, los tipos morfológicos principales de Plicostropheodonta: el representado por la especie-tipo, P. murchisoni (Verneuil y d’Archiac en d’Archiac y Verneuil, 1842), del Praguiense de Alemania, con pliegues radiales tendiendo a debilitarse y desaparecer hacia el margen de la concha, y el de la forma cantábrica P. crassicosta n. sp. con la tendencia contraria, es decir, con pliegues radia­les haciéndose más fuertes distalmente. El origen y relaciones de las formas cantábricas B. beethoveni n. sp., especie-tipo del nuevo género y B. brahmsi n. sp., y B. ? steiningeri (Drevermann, 1907), del Emsiense superior del Macizo Esquistoso Renano de Alemania y, tal vez, de Bélgica, no está claro aún. En cualquier caso, muchas pequeñas formas plicostrofeodontoides-fascistrofeodontoides del Praguiense y Emsiense del dominio paleogeográfico del Viejo Mundo, asignadas habitualmente a P. murchisoni, en Bélgica, Francia, Pirineos, Zona Centroibérica, Portugal y N de África, deben de pertenecer, más bien, a alguna de las especies citadas de Beethovenia o a otras aún no descritas del mismo género. P. crassicosta n. sp. fue, a su vez, la antecesora de P. latronensis n. sp. y ésta, probablemente, de P. diffusa (D. & P. Oehlert, 1896), en el Emsiense superior. Beethovenia y Pli­costropheodonta evolucionaron de manera paralela a lo largo del Praguiense-Emsiense, con aumento progresivo del tamaño y grosor de las paredes de la concha, fortalecimiento de las estructuras inter­nas y pérdida del carácter plicostrofeodontoide puro de la ornamentación radial que se manifiesta en los orígenes de ambos taxones. Ambos géneros se extinguieron, sin dejar descendencia, antes de comenzar el Devónico Medio.Palabras clave: Beethovenia n. gen., Plicostropheodonta, evolución, taxonomía, Europa occidental, N África, Zona Cantábrica (España).Abstract: The origin, evolution, relationships and intra-specific ornament variability in the Western Europe and North Africa strophodontid Beethovenia n. gen. and Plicostropheodonta Sokolskaya, 1960 are discussed. The Cantabrian (N Spain) species Beethovenia bachi n. sp., from the lower Pragian, Plicostropheodonta crassicosta n. sp., from the lower Emsian, P. latronensis n. sp. and B. beethoveni n. sp., from the lower part of the upper Emsian, and B. brahmsi n. sp. and P. diffusa (D. & P. Oehlert, 1896), from the upper part of the upper Emsian, are described and figured. New data concerning to the P. diffusa locus and stratum typicum in the Ferroñes area are given. B. bachi n. sp. must originate from the Asturian Fascistropheodonta primaeva García-Alcalde, 1992, the oldest Fascistropheodonta species, from the uppermost Lochkovian or lowermost Pragian. In turn, B. bachi could be the predecessor along the Pragian of plicostropheodontoid forms close to B. acutiplicata (Oehlert y Davoust, 1879). From the same lineage probably sprung off along the Pragian-lower Emsian interval the main Plicostropheodonta morphological lineages. These lineages are represented on the one hand by the type-species, P. murchisoni (Verneuil y d’Archiac en d’Archiac y Verneuil, 1842), from the Pragian of Germany, with plicostropheodontoid radial folds weakening and losing near the shell margins, and on the other by the lower Emsian Cantabrian form P. crassicosta n. sp. trending to the opposite side, i. e., with plicostropheodontoid radial ornamentation strengthening distally. The affinities between both the Cantabrian forms B. beethoveni n. sp., the type-species of the new genus, and B. brahmsi n. sp., and the German (and maybe Belgian) species B. ? steinin­geri (Drevermann, 1907), are not yet clear. Anyway, many small plicostropheodontoid-fascistro­pheodontoid Pragian and Emsian forms from the Old World paleogeographic domain (Belgium, France, Pyrenees, Central-Iberian Zone, Portugal and North Africa), usually identified as Plicostro­pheodonta murchisoni, could belong rather to some of the described Beethovenia species or to other not yet described from the same genus. P. crassicosta n. sp. evolved near the lower/upper Emsian boundary, P. latronensis n. sp., and from this latter P. diffusa (D. & P. Oehlert, 1896) at the upper part of the upper Emsian. Beethovenia and Plicostropheodonta evolved rather parallely along the Pragian-Emsian times, by increasing the shell size and solidity, strengthening the internal structures and losing the net plicostropheodontoid radial ornamentation characterizing both taxa beginnings, and became extinct with no descent before the Middle Devonian.Keywords: Beethovenia n. gen., Plicostropheodonta, evolution, taxonomy, Western Europe, N Afri­ca, Cantabrian Zone (Spain).


1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Grant

Gemmellaroia is a conical Permian brachiopod that traditionally has been assigned to the superfamily Richthofeniacea [sic] on the basis of its conical shape and a myocoelidium in the ventral valve. It has been considered unique among brachiopods in opening the shell by having the dorsal valve move straight up, rather than rotating around a hinge axis. Evidence is adduced to warrant transfer of the genus and its cohorts to the superfamily Derbyoidea (totally unrelated to the richthofenioids) and to demonstrate that it was capable of opening in the normal manner, rotating the dorsal valve about a hinge axis. Members of the family include Gemmellaroia (Cossmann, 1898), Loczyella Frech, 1901, Tectaria (Likharev, 1928), and Cyndalia (new genus with type species C. rudistiformis new species).


1981 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Whittington

SummaryStubblefield suggested that proparian trilobites may have arisen by paedomorphosis. Examples of the role of paedomorphosis in the evolution of species and of particular organs are reviewed. The cryptogenetic renewal of trilobites after the Cambrian resulted in distinctive major taxa, but their relationships to each other and to older groups remain unsolved. Similarities between early developmental stages should be re-assessed as a possible guide to relationships. The early Upper Cambrian, type species of the proparian Schmalenseeia is re-described. It was small, possibly world-wide in distribution, the exoskeleton thin, the parts not articulated, apparently forming a more or less rigid shield. It may have been a paedomorphic, planktic species, but its origin and relationships are obscure.


1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1088-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Koch

Various workers have assigned Atrypa acutiplicata Conrad, 1841, to a number of leptocoeliid genera. Restudy of specimens previously examined by Boucot and Rehmer (1977) as part of a study of the community paleoecology of brachiopods of the Emsian and Eifelian strata of eastern North America has shown that A. acutiplicata does not belong to any existing genus of leptocoeliid. Therefore, the new genus Atlanticocoelia is proposed, with A. acutiplicata as the type species, for leptocoeliid brachiopods with a small, knoblike cardinal process, a brachial valve of moderate convexity, a broad sulcus, strong plications, subparallel dorsal adductor scars, and cordate pedicle diductor scars. Atlanticocoelia occurs in benthic assemblage 4 to 5 communities of the Emsian through Eifelian Appohimchi Province of the Eastern Americas Realm.


1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Goldman ◽  
Charles E. Mitchell

The internal morphology of ambocoeliid brachiopods from the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of western New York indicates a need for several taxonomic revisions. “Ambocoelia” praeumbona is transferred to Emanuella. “Ambocoelia” spinosa and “A.” nana represent Crurispina n. gen. Specimens of species belonging to Crurispina have moderately well developed crural plates, and, accordingly, they are assigned to the subfamily Rhynchospiriferinae. Crural plates are small and obscure but clearly present in Ambocoelia umbonata, the type species of Ambocoelia. Thus, the diagnosis of the subfamily Ambocoeliinae is emended to include species with tiny crural plates.Ambocoeliid specimens from the Levanna Shale Member of the Skaneateles Formation, formerly referred to Echinocoelia, reveal several elaborate features in the pedicle valve, including an apical plate and a hollow tube supported by a median septum. These specimens represent a new genus and species, Mucroclipeus eliei. The homeomorphy found in the shape and size of these ambocoeliids may be the result of paedomorphosis. Additionally, their pattern of occurrence and minute size suggest that they attained their paedomorphic state through progenesis. The taxa Ambocoelia tuberculata n. sp., Crurispina n. gen., and Mucroclipeus eliei n. gen. and sp. are established.


1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Neville George

The genus Camarophoria was established by King in 1846 for certain Permian brachiopods bearing internal structures similar to those of the Pentamerids. The essential features were the presence in the ventral valve of a spondylium (“an arch-shaped process”) supported by a median septum (“medio-longitudinal plate”). “The arch-shaped process and its supporting or suspending plate correspond in every respect except in degree with the apophysary system belonging to the large valve of Pentamerus.” In the dorsal valve there is developed a high median septum supporting a well-developed spondylium (“spatula-shaped process”).


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