Implementation and Testing Details of Document Classification

It is trivial to achieve a recall of 100% by returning all documents in response to any query. Therefore, recall alone is not enough, but one needs to measure the number of non-relevant, for example by computing the precision. The analysis was performed for 30 documents to ensure the stability of precision and recall values. It is observed that the precision of large documents is less than a moderate length document, in the sense that some unimportant keywords get extracted. The reason for this may be attributed to the frequent occurrence and its unimportant role in the sentence.

Akanthomyces lepidopterorum, a new lecanicillium-like species

During a survey of entomopathogenetic fungi from Southwest China, a new species, Akanthomyces lepidopterorum was found on an undetermined lepidopteran larva. It differs from other species based on mostly smaller conidia, mononematous conidiophores and moderate length of phialide. Both the morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU and RPB2 sequence data support A. lepidopterorum as a new species. A new combination is also proposed in the genus Akanthomyces.

On the determination of lognormal flux distributions for astrophysical systems

ABSTRACT Determining whether the flux distribution of an astrophysical source is a Gaussian or a lognormal, provides key insight into the nature of its variability. For light curves of moderate length (<103), a useful first analysis is to test the Gaussianity of the flux and logarithm of the flux, by estimating the skewness and applying the Anderson–Darling (AD) method. We perform extensive simulations of light curves with different lengths, variability, Gaussian measurement errors, and power spectrum index β (i.e. P(f) ∝ f−β), to provide a prescription and guidelines for reliable use of these two tests. We present empirical fits for the expected standard deviation of skewness and tabulated AD test critical values for β = 0.5 and 1.0, which differ from the values given in the literature that are for white noise (β = 0). Moreover, we show that for white noise, for most practical situations, these tests are meaningless, since binning in time alters the flux distribution. For β ≳ 1.5, the skewness variance does not decrease with length and hence the tests are not reliable. Thus, such tests can be applied only to systems with β ≳ 0.5 and β ≲ 1.0. As an example of the prescription given in this work, we reconfirm that the Fermi data of the blazar, 3FGL J0730.2−1141, show that its γ-ray flux is consistent with a lognormal distribution and not with a Gaussian one.

Feasibility Study on Measuring the Particulate Matter Level in the Atmosphere by Means of Yagi–Uda-Like Antennas

In this work, the application of a technique for monitoring changes of the dielectric constant of the atmosphere caused by the presence of pollution is discussed. The method is based on changes in the reflection coefficient of the device induced by these dielectric constant variations of the surrounding medium. To that end, several Yagi–Uda-like antenna designs with different size limitations were simulated by using a Method-of-Moments software and optimized by means of a simulated annealing strategy. It has been found that the larger the optimal elements of the array are allowed to be, the higher the sensitivity reached. Thus, in a trade-off between sensitivity and moderate length (regarding flexibility purposes), the most promising solution has been built. This prototype has been experimentally tested in presence of an artificial aerosol made of PAO (polyalphaolefin) oil and black carbon inclusions of a size of 0.2 μm. As a result, potentials for developing a measurement procedure by means of changes in the characteristic parameters of the antenna led by different concentration levels of suspended particles in the surrounding medium are shown. In this manner, a local mapping of polluted levels could be developed in an easy, real-time, and flexible procedure.

Handhold-mediated strand displacement: a nucleic acid-based mechanism for generating far-from-equilibrium assemblies through templated reactions

Toehold-mediated strand displacement (TMSD) is a nucleic acid-based reaction wherein an invader strand (I) replaces an incumbent strand (N) in a duplex with a target strand (T). TMSD is driven by toeholds, overhanging single-stranded domains in T recognised by I. Although TMSD is responsible for the outstanding potential of dynamic DNA nanotechnology1, 2, TMSD cannot implement templating, the central mechanism by which biological systems generate complex, far-from equilibrium assemblies like RNA or proteins3, 4. Therefore, we introduce handhold-mediated strand displacement (HMSD). Handholds are toehold analogues located in N and capable of implementing templating. We measure the kinetics of 98 different HMSD systems to demonstrate that handholds can accelerate the rate of invader-target (IT) binding by more than 4 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, handholds of moderate length accelerate reactions whilst allowing detachment of the product IT from N. We are thus able to experimentally demonstrate the use of HMSD-based templating to produce highly-specific far-from-equilibrium DNA duplexes.

A review of the Japanese species of the genus Xanthocampoplex Morley, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae), with description of a new genus

Japanese species of the genus Xanthocampoplex Morley, 1913 are reviewed. Three species previously belonging to this genus, X. caloptiliae Kusigemati, 1982, X. kumatai Kusigemati, 1982 and X. spulerinae Kusigemati, 1982 share unique character states and thus I describe a new genus, Kusigematia gen. nov. including K. caloptiliae (Kusigemati, 1982) comb. nov., K. kumatai (Kusigemati, 1982) comb. nov. (type species of the genus) and K. spulerinae (Kusigemati, 1982) comb. nov. This genus morphologically resembles Xanthocampoplex, but it can be distinguished by the following combination of character states: flagellum covered with long setae and with an erect very long seta on apex (these setae short in Xanthocampoplex); all flagellomeres longer than wide (at least some apical flagellomeres as long as wide or wider than long in Xanthocampoplex); tarsal claws small and simple (small to moderate length and pectinate in Xanthocampoplex); apex of dorsal valve of ovipositor with a distinct convexity behind of notch (not convex in Xanthocampoplex), body, excluding legs and wings, largely black to blackish brown (yellow or black with conspicuous large yellow markings in Xanthocampoplex); host is Gracillariidae (Cossidae and Crambidae in Xanthocampoplex). Xanthocampoplex chinensis Gupta, 1973 is newly recorded from Japan and Palaearctic region.