The Position of the Insurance Press in relation to Insurance Offices and Insurance Interests

1881 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Cornelius Walford
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

I think the time has arrived when the subject indicated in the title of this paper may be fairly and fully considered. It is certainly one which must frequently have presented itself to the managerial mind; and there can be no reason why this question should not be discussed with as much philosophic calmness as any of the many theoretical problems, or points in practice, which continually present themselves for reflection, and perchance for decision.The point may indeed arise—whether I am the proper person to introduce the topic. I take the individual responsibility of deciding in the affirmative. I have, on the one hand, been as frequently assailed by the insurance press, as any one, and, on the other, received as much kindness and friendly recognition as any man can desire, and more than I claim to deserve. It may be that in either case the extreme has been reached, or passed. I have the advantage of having been a writer upon the press, insurance and general, from the days of my youth, and I say at once that my sympathies are largely on that side. But I think that the familiarity which draws me to the side of its virtues, also renders me, at least in some degree, cognizant of its short-comings. I have the further advantage of having been on various occasions consulted by managers on the one hand, and by editors on the other, upon the points which I now proceed to discuss.

The function and evasion of marriage fines on a fourteenth-century English manor

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRIAM MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Financial Disincentives ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Since Vinogradoff described merchet payments as ‘the most odious’ of the numerous manorial exactions for which villein tenants were liable, the fine for marriage, classically defined as a levy due from the villein upon the marriage of his daughter, has received a good deal of attention from historians. Although the issue of marriage licences has accordingly been tackled from various perspectives, in recent years the subject at the heart of a number of contributions to the topic was the question of seigneurial control. In tackling this matter, one has to ask what kind of control a manorial lord could or would want to exercise over the matters of matrimony of his social inferiors.An important contribution to the debate was provided in 1979 by Eleanor Searle. A key element in her argument was that marriage licences essentially constituted a tax on the chattels taken as dowry by the bride into her marriage, and as such were not universally enforced. Further, in her view merchet did not so much constitute a test of the status of the individual as one of tenure. At the same time she argued that merchets could be used by the lord to vet prospective marriage partners and thus control the transfers of tenant property lest the latter should slip into freehold tenure. By imposing financial disincentives, merchets, it was argued, also encouraged endogenous marriages. Richard Smith, while arguing that the rates of licences to marry were unlikely to reflect a proportional tax on dowries, nevertheless showed that merchets were not universally exacted and tended to fall predominantly upon richer tenants. Thus he took issue with R. Faith, who in a rejoinder to Searle's contribution suggested that the marriage licence constituted a tax on the marriage itself and was as such universally exacted.In order to consider these problems and test some of the propositions that have been made, this study aims to examine the practice of seigneurial exaction and hence the function of marriage licences, on the one hand, and the relevance and nature of tenant evasion of merchet payments on the other, on one manor from 1330 to 1377. Changes in seigneurial policy towards merchet payments will be analysed and placed in the wider context of the demographic and socio-economic changes affecting manorial life in this period. Within this framework three intertwined aspects of the licence to marry will be examined. First, focusing on the question of which tenants were liable to pay merchets and what constituted the criteria for this liability, the theory and practice of merchet exaction will be considered. Secondly the reasons for the lord's interest in the marriages of his tenants in conjunction with the routes open to him to influence villein marriages to his advantage will be explored. Thirdly the extent and consequences of tenant evasion of merchet fines will be assessed, whilst the clash between lord and tenant over marriage fines will be viewed in the wider context of lord–tenant friction, especially in the post-Black Death period. Central to this discussion, the role and importance of women in this particular act of non-compliance will be examined.

Paul Ricoeur and International Law: Beyond ‘The End of the Subject’. Towards a Reconceptualization of International Legal Personality

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANNE E. NIJMAN
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Legal Personality ◽  
Normative Aspect

The enquiry into international legal personality in the following article is both descriptive and prescriptive in nature. On the one hand, the phenomenon of the (legal) subject is described and explained, in order to offer a better reflection on, and analysis of, its existence. This holds for both the individual and the (so central to international law) collective subject. On the other hand, our attempt at reconceptualization has a clear normative aspect. Reconstructing (international) legal personality on the basis of anthropology and ethics as an inextricable part of the identity of a person results in a conception of (international) law as justice. And this means that international legal personality reconceptualized along the lines suggested in this paper functions to develop just international institutions and just international law.

scholarly journals Time and Enlightenment

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-703
Author(s):  
Maja Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sociological Interpretation

The subject of the work's analysis is the phrase Time, forward!. It seems that, on the one hand, this statement can be given a sociological interpretation. In this case, its content is the idea of acceleration and purposefulness of the big, collective time, which dominates the individual and determines his life. On the other hand, referring to Hegel, one can identify the project of Enlightenment behind this phrase. It involves the movement of the spirit from a state of alienation from itself in the object's idea to itself through the achievement of autonomy in the belief of concepts tested by its reflection alone. The socially significant meaning of such a speculative thinking project is to get rid of the despotism of dominant opinions on the path of critical, dialectical, and speculative thinking.

Whiggery, religion and social reform: the case of Lord Morpeth

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boyd Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTM.P.s who supported the Grey, Melbourne, Russell and Palmerston governments were all described as ‘Liberals’ in contemporary registers such as those by Dod and McCalmont. However, historians have recently attempted to differentiate intellectually among these M.P.s, and in particular to sort out the liberals from the whigs. A difficulty here is that, in a period which was almost equally dominated by religious and ecclesiastical issues on the one hand and social and economic issues on the other, it appears that those politicians who were most ‘liberal’ in one context were least ‘liberal’ in the other. The subject of this article, Lord Morpeth, conformed to a type of ‘whig–liberal’ politician whose social policies were ‘whig’ rather than ‘liberal’, but who exemplified that tolerant approach to religious politics which has been termed ‘liberal Anglican’. It is possible to infer Morpeth's theological views from his many comments on sermons and devotional texts, and it appears that the best way to understand his religion (and its impact on his politics) is in terms, not of liberal Anglicanism, but of incarnationalism combined with a type of joyous pre-millenarianism (or jolly apocalypticism) not uncharacteristic of the mid nineteenth century. Reacting against the evangelical and high church revivals, yet sharing their piety and rectitude, Morpeth's incarnational religion represented an attempt to reconcile a theory of individual personality with ideas of community and brotherhood – to soften the ‘spiritual capitalism’ implied by ‘moderate’ Anglican evangelicalism, while retaining its emphasis on individual responsibility. Its secular equivalent was the type of ‘half-way’ social reform espoused by many whig-liberals in the third quarter of the century.

III. On the spectra of metalloids. Spectrum of oxygen

1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Solid Bodies ◽  
Fixed Period

The many unexplained phenomena attending the passage of electricity through gases will probably for some time to come occupy the attention of experimental physicists. It is desirable that the subject should be approached from as many different sides as possible. One of our most powerful instruments of research is the spectroscope, but before it can be applied to the study in question we have to settle the chemical origin of the different spectra, which we observe in vacuum tubes, and to discuss in what way such spectra are liable to change under different circumstances. A special investigation has to be made for each gas; we have to study the effect of various impurities, the influence of the electrodes, and that of the glass which in the tubes generally used is considerably heated up by the spark. I have chosen oxygen as a first subject of investigation. Though Plücker and Wüllner have, as far as their experiments went, accurately described the phenomena seen in oxygen tubes, the following contains much that is new, and will put some of the older facts on a firmer basis. As some of the facts brought to light by the investigation bear directly on the question of double spectra, our knowledge on that point must be briefly referred to. We divide all known spectra into three orders. Continuous spectra, channelled space spectra, and line spectra. With regard to continuous spectra, it is shown that the older statement which limited them to liquid and solid bodies is no longer tenable. Most gases give continuous spectra long before they condense. Two theories of continuous spectra are noticed. The one considers that the vibrations of a molecule always tend to take place in a fixed period, but that the impacts of other molecules may, when the pressure is great or in liquid and solid bodies, prevent complete oscillations taking place, and thus produce a continuous spectrum. The other theory considers that, when a gas condenses, molecular combinations take place, which make the molecular structure more complicated, and may produce channelled space spectra or continuous spectra. According to the latter theory such molecular combinations are possible before the gas condenses, and thus the state of aggregation of the gas only indirectly affects the spectrum. The latter theory seems to be more consistent with experiment than the former one. For instance, it is shown that oxygen gives a continuous spectrum at the lowest temperature at which it is luminous. If the temperature be raised, the continuous spectrum is replaced by a line spectrum. This seems to be inexplicable by theory of molecular impacts.

scholarly journals The plastico-viscous deformation of right circular cylinders of soft metal under variable load axially directed

1934 ◽  
Vol 233 (721-730) ◽  
pp. 217-245
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Circular Cylinders ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
Viscous Deformation ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
Soft Metal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

1. Soft metals are of service to man in many ways, extended use following each advance in knowledge. The present investigation had its origin in an attempt to account analytically for the many apparently irreconcilable properties exhibited by right circular cylinders of soft copper when subjected to appreciable strain under heavy crushing loads. During the course of the work it became clear that if advance at all were to be made general methods of analysis would require to be adopted ; and that results forthcoming would be applicable to materials, of a similar nature, other than the one directly used as a standard of comparison. The presentation of the subject matter has accordingly been arranged to give prominence to theoretical and rational aspects, references to experiment being rather for comparison than for support to the argument. Two publications will be found of service in the present connection, the one illustrative of a cogent point in the theory, the other descriptive of practice. They will be referred to as I, and II, respectively.

scholarly journals AFVIGELSE OG PERSONOPFATTELSER

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Kolind
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Individual Person ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Abuse Treatment ◽  
The Continuum

The article offers an analytical framework for studying deviance. Research in deviance is relatively sparse in anthropology, by linking up with analysis of different societies’ perceptions of the person, however, it is possible to develop a model for understanding different ideal typical responses to deviant acts. On the one hand we have an idea of the person, which strongly relates acts to the individual, and with a high focus on individual responsibility, on the other end of the continuum act are interpreted as reflections and statements of social relations beyond the single individual. As a consequence of these differences the nature of deviance is perceived in dissimilar ways. In short, one the one hand, deviance is explained by reference to the individual person and strategies of normalisation and integration is pursued. On the other hand deviance is explained extra-personally and strategies of re-categorisation or elimination are developed. The article offers contemporary examples from the author’s studies of respectively punishment and substance abuse treatment.  

Cultural Frame Switching

2015 ◽  
pp. 256-275
Author(s):  
Jaime Noriega
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Process ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
Frame Switching ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cultural Frame Switching ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual

This chapter discusses a phenomenon referred to as cultural frame switching; a psychological process experienced by bicultural individuals whereby exposure to a culturally significant cue or stimulus causes the individual to instinctively process the information through one of two cultural mind frames – one more closely aligned to the individual's cultural identity as a member of the dominant culture, the other more closely aligned to the individual's identity as a member of an ethnic or immigrant and usually subordinate culture. As a result of this differential activation, the individual then processes the information and responds within the cultural mind frame activated by the cue. This chapter will look at: the antecedents of this phenomenon; the many cues which can activate either cultural identity; existing research on the subject matter; and the many ways corporate America and Madison Avenue may be overlooking this research thereby missing a valuable opportunity.

scholarly journals KRITONAS: TEISINGUMAS KAIP FILOSOFINĖ PROBLEMA

Problemos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Skirmantas Jankauskas
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Life ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Correct Procedure ◽  
Arbitrary Decision ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

Viename iš ankstyvųjų Platono dialogų – „Kritone“ perteikiamas pasmerkto myriop Sokrato ir jo artimo bičiulio Kritono pokalbis. Nors Sokrato likimą lėmė graikiškosios demokratijos reiškinys – formaliai korektiškai realizuota teismo procedūra, tačiau jos rezultatas filosofo bičiuliams ir sekėjams visiškai nepriimtinas emociškai. Pats Sokratas ne tik nesijaučia esąs neteisus, bet ir randa argumentų savo elgesiui pateisinti. Sokrato ir polio konfliktas atskleidžia esant du teisingumus ir suproblemina patį teisingumą. Straipsnyje mėginama rekonstruoti abiejų teisingumų turiningąsias ir formaliąsias prielaidas. Vienas iš teisingumų siejamas su kasdienio gyvenimo bei mąstymo kontūru, kitas – su etinio gyvenimo bei mąstymo sfera. Parodoma, kad kiekviena veiklos sfera numato skirtingus veiklos subjektus, o jų prigimties skirtumai lemia savitas teisingumo sampratas. Kasdienio gyvenimo ir mąstymo srityje anonimiškas žmogus yra visų (socialinės prigimties) daiktų – taigi ir teisingumo – matas. Todėl čia teisingumas yra neišvengiamai reliatyvus ir gali būti nustatomas tik arbitraliu sprendimu. Etinės elgsenos ir mąstymo sferoje gėrio vertybė yra paties žmogaus matas. Todėl šioje sferoje galimas absoliutus teisingumas: kiekvienam bet kuriomis aplinkybėmis duota būti doram ir sąžiningam. Sokratas vadovaujasi etinės sferos absoliutaus teisingumo nuostata, skelbiančia, jog „apskritai negalima neteisingai elgtis“, paklūsta emociškai nepriimtinam polio teismo sprendimui ir gelbsti etinio teisingumo subjektą – sielą. Straipsnį vainikuoja išvada apie tokio pasirinkimo prasmę.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: teisingumas, demokratija, daugelis, kūnas, dorybė, vienas, siela.Crito: Justice as Philosophical ProblemSkirmantas Jankauskas SummaryIn an early Plato’s dialogue, Crito, a conversation between Socrates and his close friend Crito is described. The court of Athens – a phenomenon of Greek democracy – had just sent Socrates to death. Nevertheless, the decision of the court, realized in a formally correct procedure, is emotionally unacceptable for both his friends and followers. Socrates does not feel guilty, either, and finds strong arguments in his favour. The conflict between Socrates and the Greek polis reveals the duality of justice and makes justice problematic. An attempt is made to reconstruct the formal and concrete premises of two types of justice. One type of justice is related to daily life and thinking and the other to the ethic kind of life and thinking. It is demonstrated that each sphere of activity presupposes a different subject of activity, which results in a different kind of justice. Man is a measure of all things in the sphere of daily life and thinking. Consequently, man is a measure of justice as well. That is why justice in this sphere is relative and could be established exclusively by an arbitrary decision. In the sphere of ethical life and thinking, the value of good is a measure of man. Therefore, absolute justice is possible in this sphere: anyone in any circumstances could remain virtuous and honest. Socrates pursues the attitude of absolute justice: “we must not do wrong at all“. Thus, he obeys the decision of the Greek court and saves the soul, i. e. the subject of absolute justice. The present paper concludes with an inference about the meaning of Socrates’ choice.Keywords: justice, democracy, the many, body, virtue, the one, soul.ght: 18px;">  

scholarly journals Historical Examination of Agent Concept

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5188-5191
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
New Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Historical Examination

Throughout the development of thought from the classical forms of philosophizing to the present, the understanding of the subject also changes. The transition from the Hegelian substance subject to the individual transcending subject is carried out, and then the “death of the subject” in all its forms (God, social, author, etc.). Such a fundamentally new understanding, the interpretation of human consciousness and being, is primarily associated with the emergence of a fundamentally new way of this consciousness functioning. This work is devoted to the consideration of this determining connection between the forms of theoretical problematization of a subject in philosophical thought and changes in social structure. They may consider the allocation of three main historical stages of the subject problematization and the corresponding forms of social as the main results. In the era of the New Age, there is understanding of a subject as a participant in history, who is the product of history and the creator. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this understanding is being transformed and refined. Now they deny subject rootedness in the transcendental field on the one hand, and this rootedness should seek and achieve on the other hand. The motive for a breakthrough towards the absolute and overcoming one's own “queerness” becomes the main one. In the second half of XXth century, they form a special view of the subject - he is now problematized as absent.

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