scholarly journals Identifying social responses to inundation disasters: a humanity–nature interaction perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Taniguchi ◽  
Sanghyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Elevation Difference ◽  
Land Water ◽  
Water Elevation

Non-technical abstract Through the global analysis of inundation disasters with regards to population and land elevation, we found that the largest number of people living in low-elevation land was in Asia. Population increase was also most rapid at these locations. Furthermore, through three case studies in Asia, we found that a critical land–water elevation difference was 1.5–2.0 m in relation to the prevention of disasters regarding groundwater and land as public goods, the protection of houses and buildings from tsunamis and the protection of temples from flooding.

scholarly journals Interventions with Sticky Social Norms: A Critique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Dutta ◽  
David K Levine ◽  
Salvatore Modica
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
General Model ◽  
Negative Externality ◽  
Pigouvian Tax ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Unexpected Consequences

Abstract We study the consequences of policy interventions when social norms are endogenous but costly to change. In our environment a group faces a negative externality that it partially mitigates through incentives in the form of punishments. In this setting policy interventions can have unexpected consequences. The most striking is that when the cost of bargaining is high introducing a Pigouvian tax can increase output - yet in doing so increase welfare. An observer who saw that an increase in a Pigouvian tax raised output might wrongly conclude that this harmed welfare and that a larger tax increase would also raise output. This counter-intuitive impact on output is demonstrated theoretically for a general model and found in case studies for public goods subsidies and cartels.

Global patterns in fire leverage: the response of annual area burnt to previous fire

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen F. Price ◽  
Juli G. Pausas ◽  
Navashni Govender ◽  
Mike Flannigan ◽  
Paulo M. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Climatic Variation ◽  
Sandy Desert ◽  
Global Test ◽  
Fire Area

Prescribed fire is practiced around the world to reduce the effect of unplanned fire, but we hypothesise that its effectiveness is proportional to the mean annual area burnt by unplanned fire, which varies among biomes. Fire history mapping was obtained for six global case studies from a range of biomes: Portugal, Spain (both Mediterranean), Alberta (boreal Canada), Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (montane USA), the Sandy Desert (arid Australia) and Kruger National Park (South African savanna). Leverage is the unit reduction in unplanned fire area resulting from one unit of previous fire as measured at a regional scale over a long period. We calculated leverage for each case study using statistical modelling of annual area burnt, controlling for annual climatic variation. We combined the six leverage values with those from four previously published cases to conduct a global test of our hypothesis. Leverage was high in Portugal (~0.9) and moderate in the Sandy Desert (~0.3). However, the other case studies showed no evidence of leverage: burnt area was not influenced by past fire. In all regions, climatic variation had more influence than past area burnt on annual area burnt. The global analysis revealed a positive relationship between mean area burnt and leverage but only when outlying cases were removed. In biomes with low fire activity, prescribed fire is unlikely to reduce unplanned fire area at all, while for many others, the return for effort is likely to be low. Lessons derived from one biome cannot necessarily be applied to another.

Climate change mitigation through afforestation/reforestation: A global analysis of hydrologic impacts with four case studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 126 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Trabucco ◽  
Robert J. Zomer ◽  
Deborah A. Bossio ◽  
Oliver van Straaten ◽  
Louis V. Verchot
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Hydrologic Impacts ◽  
Change Mitigation

scholarly journals Identification of environmental conditions based on the carrying capacity and holding capacity analysis (case study: Kecamatan Barat, Magetan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 778 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
H Idajati ◽  
E Umilia ◽  
F U Nurliyana ◽  
R Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Capacity Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Land Water

Abstract A rapid increase in population and unsustainable land use changes that are not following its capability are likely to lead to severe urban problems. An analysis of the carrying capacity and holding capacity of the environment is needed to determine whether lands can sustain the increasing population. The present research aims to identify the environmental conditions of the Kecamatan Barat based on the carrying capacity and holding capacity of land, water, and demography. Further, an overlay analysis is used to understand the overall carrying capacity level of the sub-district. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to elaborate the study results. Two villages have deficits in the carrying capacity and capacity of land in West District in 2020, including Purwodadi and Tebon. Six villages are experiencing a water deficit in 2020, including Purwodadi, Karangsono, Bogorejo, Tebon, Manjung, and Mangge. All villages in Kecamatan Barat are still able to accommodate the projected population increase until 2042. The overlay of land, water, and demographic carrying capacity and water holding capacity shows 8, 4, and 2 villages with very high, high, and low overall carrying capacity values.

scholarly journals Home Away From Home: The Social and Political Roles of Contemporary Chinese Associations in Zambia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-170
Author(s):  
Hangwei Li ◽  
Xuefei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

This article examines the social and political roles of contemporary Chinese associations in Africa with case studies from Zambia. These associations help Chinese migrants better integrate and promote China’s image in Zambian society. More importantly, they proactively engage in bilateral political relations, working with the embassy and state apparatus, defending China’s overseas interests, and providing public goods to the Chinese community. We argue that, because of the associations, Chinese migrants in Zambia are politicised beyond the fact of their living in economic enclaves. Contemporary Chinese associations should thus be recognised as a significant actor and an indispensable intermediary in the rapid evolution of China–Africa relations.

Sustainable Ecosystem Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-139
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Ecosystem Management ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Documented Case ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive

Ecosystems are part of human wellbeing and their sustainable management is essential for the survival of the human race and biodiversity. This chapter explores the concept of sustainable ecosystem management (SEM), its principles, elements, faces, and implementation. SEM is defined as environmentally sensitive, ecosystem-based, and eco-regional based. Its successful implementation is therefore complex due to the different priorities of stakeholders, the scope of ecosystems, some of which are transboundary, and the ever-changing nature of these areas amidst environmental uncertainties. These aspects are vulnerable to political changes and reconciling them is difficult. This chapter proposes a five-step implementation plan on SEM that is pegged on adaptive management and holistic consideration of ecological resources. Using documented case studies, SEM is a proposed solution to ecosystem challenges of modern-day amidst hindrances of rising resource demand, population increase, and climate variability.

Sustainable Ecosystem Management

2022 ◽  
pp. 1873-1889
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Ecosystem Management ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Documented Case ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive

Ecosystems are part of human wellbeing and their sustainable management is essential for the survival of the human race and biodiversity. This chapter explores the concept of sustainable ecosystem management (SEM), its principles, elements, faces, and implementation. SEM is defined as environmentally sensitive, ecosystem-based, and eco-regional based. Its successful implementation is therefore complex due to the different priorities of stakeholders, the scope of ecosystems, some of which are transboundary, and the ever-changing nature of these areas amidst environmental uncertainties. These aspects are vulnerable to political changes and reconciling them is difficult. This chapter proposes a five-step implementation plan on SEM that is pegged on adaptive management and holistic consideration of ecological resources. Using documented case studies, SEM is a proposed solution to ecosystem challenges of modern-day amidst hindrances of rising resource demand, population increase, and climate variability.

Private provision of public goods via crowdfunding

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAREK HUDIK ◽  
ROBERT CHOVANCULIAK
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Private Provision ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms ◽  
Assurance Problem

AbstractFor various reasons, governments sometimes fail to provide public goods. Private provision of such goods might then be used if it succeeds in overcoming three main problems: high organization costs, the assurance problem, and the free-rider problem. We argue that technologies that enable crowdfunding – the method of funding projects by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people via the internet – have enabled these problems to be overcome more readily. Such technology has lowered organization costs and enabled the employment of more efficient mechanisms to reduce the assurance and free-rider problems. To illustrate these effects, we present two case studies of private provision of public goods via crowdfunding: police services in Rockridge in Oakland, California, and the Ukraine Army.

scholarly journals Towards measuring political rents in agriculture: case studies of different agrarian structures in the EU  

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Czyzewski Bazyli ◽  
Matuszczak Anna
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Market Imperfections ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Entire Amount ◽  
Representative Farms ◽  
The Eu

It is generally believed that the subsidisation of agriculture serves as a payment of political rents to farmers. Here, we attempt to show that characterisation of the entire amount of subsidies as “political rent” is unjustified in the light of the definition of political rent as formulated in the rent-seeking theory. Political rents in agriculture diverge from the definition, since the resources devoted to rent-seeking partly serve to produce public goods – that part cannot be regarded as wastage. Furthermore, if market imperfections cause rents to be captured by other entities (the treadmill theory), then it is even more true that these benefits are not exclusive. However, it is hard to find any attempts to measure the value of political rents. Thus, a novel methodology is proposed for valuing these items, with the aim of calculating the “pure political rent”, based on an input-output (I-O) Leontief approach adopting matrices for “representative farms” according to EUFADN typology and on a decomposition of the Hicks-Moorsteen TFP index for the period 2007–2012 for four countries: Slovakia, France, Austria and Poland.  

scholarly journals "Do We Have a Winner? What the China-India Paradox May Reveal about Regime Type and Human Security"

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-98
Author(s):  
Devin K. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
China And India ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
National Human ◽  
Regime Types

As the concept of human security spreads in the pose-Cold War period it is often presumed that non-democracies have worse human security than democracies. But the national human security (NHS) siruation in weak or failed democracies can be even worse than in some non-democracies. So how exactly do the NHS records of stares with different regime types like non-democratic China and democratic India compare? To address this question the paper assesses and compares NHS in terms of "freedom from want" (anti-poverty security) and "freedom from fear" (anti-violence securiry). It develops a theory of how different regime types might impact NHS based on how regimes differ along the 1) democratic-authoritarian and 2) predarory-developmental dimensions. It then conducts empirical testing of the theory through a global analysis of 178 countries and case studies of contemporary China and India. The study finds that while democracies and developmental states generally have higher NHS than autocracies and predatory states, developmental authoritarian states like China on average have slightly higher human security than predatory democracies like India.

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