Pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils is relatively unstudied and is the focus of this project. A wide variety of heterogeneous soils exist, characterized by processes that result from the presence of structural cracks, worm holes, and other preferred pathways within which the majority of transport can occur (called physical non-equilibrium processes), along with the presence of sorption processes that are both equilibrium and kinetic (chemical non-equilibrium processes). Previous studies of pesticide leaching have focused primarily on relatively homogeneous soils, which are less widely distributed in nature, but more studied due to the relative ease with which quantitative theory can be applied to interpret experimental results. The objectives of the proposed project were: first, to gain greater insight into the basic physical and chemical processes that characterize non-equilibrium systems, second, to improve our ability to predict pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils, and third, to estimate the consequences of non-equilibrium processes at the field scale by conducting an analysis of the probability of pesticide leaching when non-equilibrium processes prevail. The laboratory, theoretical and modelling aspects of the project were successful; the field aspects less so. We gained greater insight into basic processes in heterogeneous field soils, and we improved and tested tools (simulation models) and the methodology of using such tools for assessing the probability of pesticide leaching as a contribution to broader risk analysis efforts.
Chemical and physical origins of friction on surfaces with atomic steps
