Reduction of the Products of Periodate Oxidation of Carbohydrates. II. A New Method for the End-group Assay of Amylopectin1

1956 ◽  
Vol 78 (22) ◽  
pp. 5907-5909 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Hamilton ◽  
F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
New Method ◽  
End Group

scholarly journals The nature of the 5'-linked 5' nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of rabbit globin messenger ribonucleic acid

1976 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Hunt ◽  
G N Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Globin Mrna ◽  
Pancreatic Ribonuclease ◽  
Phosphodiester Bond ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
End Groups ◽  
A Charge ◽  
End Group

Poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes as estimated by periodate oxidation and condensation with [3H]isoniazid has two oxidizable end groups per molecule of mol. wt. 220000. When the mRNA is subjected to stepwise degradation by beta-elimination, only one oxidizable end-group is found. This indicates that one of the 2′,3′ hydroxyl end-groups is linked through the normal 3′-5′ phosphodiester bond, but that the other is linked in such a way that after stepwise degradation no new 2′,3 hydroxyl group is revealed. This structure could be a 5′-linked 5′-phospho di- or tri-ester. On digestion with ribonuclease the isoniazid-labelled RNA produced oligonucleotide hydrazones consistent with a poly(A) sequence at the 3′ end plus fragments that are not found after stepwise degradation. These fragments have a charge of -6 and -8 from pancreatic ribonuclease or -7 from ribonuclease T1 digestion. These charges are changed to -3.4 and -4.1 after pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease T2 and alkaline phosphatase digestion. methyl-3H-labelled-poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from late erythroid cells contain a methyl-labelled fragment resistant to endonuclease and phosphodiesterase II digestion. After digestion with phosphodiesterase I this fragment produces methyl-3 H-labelled nucleotides with the electrophoretic mobility of pm7G and pAm. It is concluded that globin mRNA has the 5′ sequences m7G(5′)ppp′AmpYpGp ... and m7G(5′)pppAmpApGpYp.

CONSTITUTION OF A DEGRADED POLYSACCHARIDE FROM WHEAT BRAN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schmorak ◽  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Glycosidic Bond ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
End Group ◽  
Acid Unit

Graded acid hydrolysis of a soluble wheat bran hemicellulose containing L-arabinose (50%), D-xylose (38.5%), and D-glucuronic acid (9.0%) preferentially removed the L-arabinose giving an insoluble acidic polysaccharide in approximately 25% yield by weight. Methylation studies, periodate oxidation data, and hypoiodite end group estimations showed that the degraded polysaccharide was composed of repeating units of 7-8 D-xylopyranose residues joined by β,1 → 4 linkages. To this repeating unit, one D-glucuronic acid unit was attached by a 1 → 2 glycosidic bond. The cellulolytic enzyme of Myrotheciumverrucaria, which is specific for β,1 → 4 glycosidic linkages, hydrolyzed the degraded polysaccharide although it had no effect on the parent hemicellulose

A new method of preparing hapten-carrier immunogens by coupling with Saccharomyces cerevisiae by periodate oxidation

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Bernard ◽  
Colette Nicolas ◽  
Jean-Claude Maurizis ◽  
Georgers Betail
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
New Method

scholarly journals The assay of xylosyltransferase in cartilage extracts. A modified procedure for preparation of Smith-degraded proteoglycan

1979 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Sandy
Keyword(s):  
Core Protein ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Reduction Procedure ◽  
Acceptor Activity ◽  
Alkaline Conditions

A modification of the published method [Baker, Rodén & Stoolmiller (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 3838–3847] for preparation of Smith-degraded proteoglycan is described. The new method is based on the finding that most of the chondroitin sulphate is cleaved from proteoglycan core protein by periodate oxidation. The borohydride reduction procedure was modified because the periodate-oxidized core protein is extensively degraded under the highly alkaline conditions previously used. The new method involves the separation of periodate-oxidized core protein from chondroitin sulphate by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, and the reduction of the former in H3BO3/NaBH4 at pH 8.5 to produce the reduced species. Smith-degraded proteoglycan prepared by this method exhibited high acceptor activity for xylosyltransferase from embryonic-chick cartilage and had an apparent Km of 160 microgram/ml or 45 micrometer on a serine basis. In this assay system an apparent Km of 19 micrometer was obtained for UDP-xylose. The intermediate products periodate-oxidized core protein and reduced proteoglycen were inactive as xylosyltransferase acceptor substrates.

scholarly journals A new method for the quantitative determination of monosaccharides, amino sugars and N-acetylneuraminic acid and of 6-deoxyhexose (fucose) in the presence of other sugars

1968 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyneth M. Brearley ◽  
Jacqueline B. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Optimum Ph

1. Monosaccharides, amino sugars and N-acetylneuraminic acid were determined by using an original colorimetric assay procedure, based on the detection of formaldehyde released after periodate oxidation. A range of these compounds was investigated by this method and they were all found to obey Beer's law within the concentration range 0–0·6μmole/ml. 2. A simple method for the determination of 6-deoxyhexose concentration in the presence of other monosaccharides is also described. 3. The optimum pH for the release of formaldehyde from sugars by periodate oxidation was 7·0–7·5. 4. The methods described have considerable advantages over existing assay systems and their particlar value in automatic colorimetry, where the use of concentrated acids is undesirable, is discussed.

CONSTITUTION OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA, LAMB)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
F. P. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Terminal Units ◽  
End Group

A hemicellulose fraction from jack pine wood has been shown to contain D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 49:17:2. The glucomannan was electrophoretically homogeneous and showed a degree of polymerization of 18–21 by three different methods of end group analysis. Methylation and hydrolysis yielded the following O-methyl ethers: 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (2.8 moles); 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 mole); 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (52 moles); 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (15.3 moles); di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 mole); di-O-methyl-D-galactose (2 moles). Lack of survival of any monosaccharides in the periodate-oxidized glucomannan showed that there was no branching through C2 or C3 of any of the units. Gas–liquid partition chromatography was used to analyze products from methylation and hydrolysis and from periodate oxidation and reduction of the polysaccharides. The results showed that the glucomannan from jack pine was composed of 1 → 4 linked β-D-mannose and β-D-glucose residues with D-galactose residues present as non-reducing terminal units. Branching, if any, must occur through C6 of units making up the polysaccharide. This structure is compared with those of glucomannans found in other soft woods.

scholarly journals Periodate oxidation and the shapes of glycosaminoglycuronans in solution

1978 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Scott ◽  
M J Tigwell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Arrhenius Plot ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Stable Configuration ◽  
Similar Composition ◽  
Hydroxy Groups ◽  
End Group

1. It is proposed that periodate oxidation of glycol groups in the repeating units of polysaccharide molecules can be used to probe differences in polymer shapes in solution. 2. Measurement of second-order rate constants (k2) of periodate-glycol reactions may be compared between polymers and relevant monomers, to assess perturbations due to polymer configuration. 3. Factors effecting the measurement and interpretation of k2 are discussed. Over-oxidation, free-radical side reactions, end-group effects, Donnan equilibria and polymer (or molecular-weight) effects are relevant, but their importance is either small or can be minimized in practice. 4. A small group of glycosaminoglycuronans (chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphates and hyaluronate) are oxidized 50–100 times more slowly than three other glycosaminoglycuronans of similar composition, relevant monomers or three homopolyuronides. 5. A stable configuration in solution is postulated for the periodate-resistant polymers, involving carboxylate, acetamido and hydroxy groups in hydrogen-bonded sequences on alternate sides of the molecule. The more easily oxidizable polyuronides are unable to form this configuration. 6. The effect of temperature on the postulated configuration is investigated through the Arrhenius plot of k2, measured to hyaluronate, chondroitin 6-sulphate and methyl 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Probable transitions at high (around 90 degrees C) temperatures were observed for both polymers, with an additional transition at about 37 degrees C in the case of hyaluronate. 7. L-Iduronic acid can take up different conformations depending on the polymer environment.

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