CONSTITUTION OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA, LAMB)

A hemicellulose fraction from jack pine wood has been shown to contain D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 49:17:2. The glucomannan was electrophoretically homogeneous and showed a degree of polymerization of 18–21 by three different methods of end group analysis. Methylation and hydrolysis yielded the following O-methyl ethers: 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (2.8 moles); 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 mole); 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (52 moles); 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (15.3 moles); di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 mole); di-O-methyl-D-galactose (2 moles). Lack of survival of any monosaccharides in the periodate-oxidized glucomannan showed that there was no branching through C2 or C3 of any of the units. Gas–liquid partition chromatography was used to analyze products from methylation and hydrolysis and from periodate oxidation and reduction of the polysaccharides. The results showed that the glucomannan from jack pine was composed of 1 → 4 linked β-D-mannose and β-D-glucose residues with D-galactose residues present as non-reducing terminal units. Branching, if any, must occur through C6 of units making up the polysaccharide. This structure is compared with those of glucomannans found in other soft woods.

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CONSTITUTION OF AN ARABOGALACTAN FROM JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB)

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v57-138 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 35 (9) ◽

pp. 1010-1019 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C. T. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ether ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Average Degree ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Homogeneous Hydrolysis

A water soluble arabogalactan isolated from jack pine was shown to have a molar ratio of arabinose to galactose of 1:13, and a number average degree of polymerization of 53 ± 3. Fractionation data and electrophoresis indicated that the arabogalactan was homogeneous. Hydrolysis of the methyl ether of the polysaccharide yielded 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabinose (4 moles); 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (12–13 moles); 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose (19 moles); 2,6-di-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 mole); and 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-galactose (14 moles). Some features of the structure of the arabogalactan are discussed on the basis of these results.

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STRUCTURE OF A GALACTURONAN FROM SUNFLOWER PECTIC ACID

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v66-190 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 44 (11) ◽

pp. 1275-1282 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

V. Zitko ◽

C. T. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Galacturonic Acid ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Critical Assessment ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Aqueous Methanol ◽

Pectic Acid ◽

Potassium Borohydride ◽

Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Fractions of sunflower pectic acid containing 89.8%, 94.2%, and 91.4% of D-galacturonic acid were carboxyl reduced as their methyl or ethylene glycol esters by potassium borohydride. Critical assessment of the effects of three different solvents (water, 80% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide, and 80% aqueous methanol) on the efficiency of reduction showed that the latter solvent was best. The reductions caused a decrease in the degree of polymerization from 270 to 21. Measurement of the rates of hydrolysis of partially reduced pectic acids containing 90%, 41.6%, 19.9%, 11.0%, and 0.65% of D-galacturonic acid showed that the rate of hydrolysis was directly related to the proportion of galacturonosidic linkages present. Methylation and hydrolysis of the carboxyl-reduced pectic acid fractions yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose in an approximate molar ratio of 1:20. Results of the periodate oxidation of the carboxyl-reduced pectic acid supported the conclusion inferred from the methylation results that the pectic acid was a linear polymer of 1 → 4 linked α-D-galacturonic acid units.

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Basic Density of Jack Pine Wood Influenced by Fertilization and Thinning

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc58044-1 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 44-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. L. Scott ◽

J. E. Barker ◽

I. K. Morrison ◽

N. W. Foster

Keyword(s):

Wood Density ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Basic Density ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Average Density ◽

Low Density ◽

Density Gradients ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Mature Type ◽

Juvenile Type

Basic wood density was measured at eight bole positions within and below the green crown in a jack pine (Pinus banksiana, Lamb.) fertilization and thinning trial near Chapleau, Ontario. Analysis showed a 6% reduction of average density in wood laid down during the first 5 years following treatment. A significant height × fertilizer interaction was noted during the same period indicating that bole density gradients specific to fertilized trees should be used to calculate biomass gains from fertilization if substantial underestimates of response are to be avoided. The portion of the bole where the wood changed most rapidly from low density, juvenile-type to higher density mature-type wood appeared to be just beneath the base of the green crown.

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ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v61-100 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 815-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

O. Perila ◽

C. T. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Jack Pine ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽

Hydrolysis Of

A crude glucomannan was isolated from jack pine holocellulose in 17% yield. Repeated delignification and copper complexing of this product provided a purified glucomannan (5% of the holocellulose) containing glucose, mannose, galactose, and xylose in a molar ratio of 10:25:1:1. This polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by a commercial hemicellulase preparation, the cleavage products being removed by continuous dialysis of the reaction mixture. The following oligosaccharides were isolated from the hydrolyzate and identified; yields are based on the glucomannan:[Formula: see text]

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THE STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC GLUCAN: I. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v62-182 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1196-1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G. G. S. Dutton ◽

A. M. Unrau

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Ether ◽

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

Structural Features ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Partial Hydrolysis ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Only D-glucose was obtained on acid hydrolysis of the glucan. Periodate oxidation released formaldehyde, which was believed to arise from C6 of D-glucofuranose units. From the additional formaldehyde liberated from the borohydride-reduced glucan the degree of polymerization was estimated to be about 165. Complete hydrolysis of the derived polyalcohol gave glycerol, erythritol, D-glucose, and D-xylose. Partial hydrolysis gave glycerol, erythritol, and at least seven non-reducing oligosaccharides. Direct evidence for the existence of relatively large numbers of 1 → 6 and 1 → 4 linkages was found, together with smaller numbers of 1 → 2 linkages. The methylated glucan was freely soluble in chloroform – petroleum ether (5:95), and hydrolysis gave tetra, tri, di, and mono-O-methyl-D-glucoses in a 6:6:3:1 molar ratio.

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CONSTITUTION OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM THE SAPWOOD OF SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM)

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v61-321 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 39 (12) ◽

pp. 2423-2430 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. A. Adams

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

Linear Structure ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Hydrolysis Of

A glucomannan containing D-mannose and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 7:3 has been isolated from sugar maple sapwood. Electrophorectic examination in acetate and borate buffers showed that the polysaccharide was essentially homogeneous. Methylation and hydrolysis of the glucomannan yielded the following O-methyl ethers:2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (1.1%),2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (2.3%),2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (23.4%),2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (65.9%),2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (2.6%),2,3-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (2.7%).These data in conjunction with periodate oxidation results and estimates of the degree of polymerization indicated that the glucomannan was composed of 25–27 hexose units linked β(1 → 4) in a linear structure. The chains were terminated predominately by D-mannose units; traces of D-xylose were present in terminal positions only and appeared to be part of the glucomannan molecule.

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End-group analysis of starch by periodate oxidation

Experiments in Textile and Fibre Chemistry ◽

10.1016/b978-0-408-70089-4.50048-x ◽

1971 ◽

pp. 148-150

Author(s):

Christopher Earland ◽

David J. Raven

Keyword(s):

Group Analysis ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

End Group

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THE CONSTITUTION OF A POLYURONIDE HEMICELLULOSE FROM WHEAT STRAW

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v52-083 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 30 (9) ◽

pp. 698-710 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

G. A. Adams

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Uronic Acid ◽

Glucuronic Acid ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Acid Complex ◽

Glycosidic Bonds ◽

A Chain ◽

End Group

The structure of a polyuronide hemicellulose from wheat straw containing xylose, arabinose, and hexuronic acid units has been investigated. Graded hydrolysis preferentially removed anhydro-L-arabinose units leaving a xylan to which uronic acid units were attached. Methylation and hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4-trimetliyl xylose (2.7%) indicating one nonreducing end group per 37 units; 2,3,5-trimethyl-L-arabinose, 2,3-dimethyl-D-xylose, and 2-methyl-D-xylose were found in a molar ratio 1:5:1. In addition, a methylated uronic acid complex was recovered which on extensive hydrolysis yielded an aldobiuronic acid. The latter, on reduction with sodium borohydride, yielded 2,3,4-trimethyl glucose (1 mole) and 2-methyl xylose (1 mole); the structure 2-methyl 3[2,3,4-trimethyl α-D-glucuronosido] D-xylose was therefore indicated for the methylated aldobiuronic acid.A structure for the hemicellulose is proposed which consists of approximately 32 anhydro-D-xylose units linked β 1,4- in a chain to which five anhydro-L-arabinose and three D-glucuronic acid units are attached as side groups by 1,3-glycosidic bonds. Results of periodate oxidation and estimation of reducing power support the proposed structure.

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