Nutritional Consequences of Wealth Differentials in East African Pastoralists: The Case of the Datoga of Northern Tanzania

Human Ecology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Sellen
Keyword(s):  
East African ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Wealth Differentials

scholarly journals Changes in the woody component of an East African savanna during 25 years

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudius A. D. M. Van De Vijver ◽  
Charles A. Foley ◽  
Han Olff
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
East African ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Large Decline

Changes in density, structure and species composition of the woody component of the two predominant savanna types in Tarangire National Park, northern Tanzania, during a period of 25 y were investigated. The park is known for its large, increasing elephant numbers and high frequency of fires. In 1996 a study on woody species density, composition and age structure, which was first performed in 1971, was repeated, using the same transects and method. Access to the original data of 1971 allowed for a full comparison of the changes and an investigation whether these could be related to changes in elephant numbers and fire frequency. The total tree density declined during the 25 y, but the decline was not evenly distributed over the different height classes. Although the density of trees taller than 5 m declined significantly, the greatest decline occurred in the density of trees shorter than 1 m. The density of trees in the intermediate height class of 1–5 m did not decline. Although damage to trees by elephants increased during the 25-y period, c. 25% showed no browse damage and, except for some severely damaged trees, elephant damage was not found to reduce tree vigour. Elephants affected the size distribution of the savanna woody component much more than the density, while the data suggest no significant effect of fire on changes in tree density. The large decline in density of small trees was attributed to a severe drought in 1993. Based on large numbers of elephants during the past decades and on relatively low elephant impact on the total tree density, the present study suggests that the current elephant number of 2300 can be sustained in the park without causing detrimental effects, provided that their current range is maintained.

Archaeology in Eastern Africa: Recent Developments and More Dates

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Robertshaw
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
East African ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Historical Sequences

Obsidian hydration dating has been successfully applied to East African archaeological sites. Chemical sourcing of obsidian artefacts has documented long-distance movement of obsidian from the Central Rift valley. A date in the ninth or eighth century b.c. has been obtained for iron objects in the Er Renk District of the Southern Sudan. Tentative culture-historical sequences are available from excavations around the Sudd and in the Lake Besaka region of Ethiopia. Archaeological research has begun in the interior of Somalia. In northern Kenya, claims that Namoratunga II is an archaeo-astronomical site have been challenged. Excavations at Mumba-Höhle and Nasera have shed new light on the transition from the Middle to Later Stone Age in northern Tanzania perhaps 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. Knowledge of the Elmenteitan Tradition has been considerably advanced by excavations in south-western Kenya. Iron-smelting furnaces with finger-decorated bricks have been discovered in south-eastern Kenya, though not yet dated. New dates falling in the last few centuries have caused first millennium a.d. dates obtained previously for Engaruka to be rejected. Excavations at several sites on the East African coast indicate that the beginnings of coastal occupation from the Lamu archipelago to Mozambique fall in the ninth century a.d. In Malawi the Shire Highlands seem to have been settled around the tenth century a.d. Investigations of large smelting-furnaces in central Malawi indicate that they were used as concentrators of poor-quality iron ore. Excavations in rock-shelters on the southern edge of the Copperbelt have produced a culture-historical sequence spanning the last 18,000 years. The western stream of the Early Iron Age was established in the Upper Zambezi valley by about the mid fifth century a.d.

scholarly journals Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of an alkaline volcanic area: the NE Mt. Meru slope (East African Rift – Northern Tanzania)

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 8255-8289 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ghiglieri ◽  
D. Pittalis ◽  
G. Cerri ◽  
G. Oggiano
Keyword(s):  
Major Ions ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Area ◽  
East African ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
African Rift

Abstract. The objective of this study is to analyze the geochemical conditions associated with the presence of fluoride (F−) in the groundwater of an area of Northern Tanzania. The studied aquifers are composed of volcanic rocks such as phonolitic and nephelinitic lavas, basalts, lahars of various ages and mantling ash. Sedimentary rocks consisting of fine-grained alluvial and lacustrine deposits occur as well. Samples collected from springs, borehole and surface water, during two monitoring surveys, were analyzed for the various physico-chemical and isotopic parameters. The geochemical composition of water is typically sodium bicarbonate. High values of F− (up to 68 mg l−1) were recorded. The highest values of fluoride agreed with the highest values of pH, sodium and bicarbonate. Dissolution of major ions, exchange processes and precipitation of Ca2+ from super-saturated solutions joined with the local permeability and hydraulic gradients, control the fluoride mobilization and the contamination of the area.

scholarly journals Skin maculae, chronic diarrhea, cachexia, and splenomegaly—Late presentation of the first autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0008925
Author(s):  
Oliver Henke ◽  
Priscus John Mapendo ◽  
Alex Mremi ◽  
Lilian Gasper Mmbaga ◽  
Angela Elisha Pallangyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspiration ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
East African ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Autochthonous Case ◽  
Northern Tanzania

A 20-year-old man from Simanjiro district in northern Tanzania presented with a 3-year history of splenomegaly, fatigue, cachexia, skin maculae, and recent onset of watery diarrhea at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) in Northern Tanzania. Due to laboratory findings of pancytopenia, diagnostic workup included bone marrow aspiration cytology and biopsy. Although the rapid test (IT LEISH, rK39 RDT) was negative, blood smear showed amastigote forms of leishmaniasis in macrophages. Repeat bone marrow aspiration and PCR eventually confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The patient denied travel to known endemic areas of VL. Treatment was initiated with Amphotericin B, but the patient died on the fourth day of treatment from respiratory insufficiency. An autopsy revealed massive organ manifestations of VL. This is the first reported autochthonous case of VL in Tanzania. Clark and colleagues detected the vector Phlebotomus martini in Northern Tanzania in 2013, in a region bordering the district of our patient. The negative rapid test draws attention to the fact that sensitivity and specificity were found to be low in East African VL patients as displayed earlier by a Kenyan study. Therefore, tissue samples (spleen or bone marrow) remain necessary for diagnosis. The variety of symptoms in this presented case was remarkable, including the occurrence of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and VL at the same time. This has been described in East African VL cases before as well as the occurrence of chronic diarrhea. An elongated undiagnosed period likely led to a mixed clinical picture that included hepato-splenomegaly, PKDL, cachexia, and diarrhea.

Neogene–Recent rifting and volcanism in northern Tanzania: relevance for comparisons between the Gardar province and the East African Rift valley

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (407) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
East African Rift ◽  
Fold Belt ◽  
East African ◽  
Volcanic Province ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Tectonic Position ◽  
African Rift

AbstractThe tectonic position of the intraplate, alkaline volcanic province of N. Tanzania in a broad rift-controlled area astride the boundary between the Tanzania Craton and the circum-cratonic Mozambique Fold Belt, strongly resembles that of the Gardar province of S. Greenland. Earlier-identified petrological analogies between Gardar magmatism and that in the Kenya sector of the East African Rift Valley can be extended to volcanism in N. Tanzania, and analogies specifically with the Gardar agpaitic suite are strengthened by the occurrence of eudialyte and aenigmatite in some Tanzanian peralkaline, silicic volcanics.

scholarly journals The Kenya Rift revisited: insights into lithospheric strength through data-driven 3D gravity and thermal modelling

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Sippel ◽  
Christian Meeßen ◽  
Mauro Cacace ◽  
James Mechie ◽  
Stewart Fishwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Models ◽  
Seismic Velocities ◽  
East African ◽  
Kenya Rift ◽  
Crustal Layer ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Seismological Data ◽  
Crystalline Crust ◽  
East African Orogen

Abstract. We present 3D models that describe the present-day thermal and rheological state of the lithosphere of the greater Kenya Rift region aiming at a better understanding of the rift evolution, with a particular focus on plume-lithosphere interactions. The key methodology applied is the 3D integration of diverse geological and geophysical observations using gravity modelling. Accordingly, the resulting lithospheric-scale 3D density model is consistent with (i) reviewed descriptions of lithological variations in the sedimentary and volcanic cover, (ii) known trends in crust and mantle seismic velocities as revealed by seismic and seismological data, and (iii) the observed gravity field. This data-based model is the first to image a 3D density configuration of the crystalline crust for the entire region of Kenya and northern Tanzania. An Upper and a Basal Crustal Layer are differentiated, each composed of several domains of different average densities. We interpret these domains to trace back to the Precambrian terrane amalgamation associated with the East African Orogen and to magmatic processes during Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting phases. In combination with seismic velocities, the densities of these crustal domains are indicative of compositional differences. The derived lithological trends have been used to parameterize steady-state thermal and rheological models. These models indicate that crustal and mantle temperatures decrease from the Kenya Rift in the west to eastern Kenya, while the integrated strength of the lithosphere increases. Thereby, the detailed strength configuration appears strongly controlled by the complex inherited crustal structure, which may have been decisive for the onset, localisation, and propagation of rifting.

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