Untersuchungen zu psychopathologischen und neuropsychologischen Symptomen des Delirs

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedel M. Reischies ◽  
Alexander Gabriel ◽  
Nadine Zerhoch ◽  
Andres H. Neuhaus

Zusammenfassung: Einleitung: Zwar ist ein schweres Delir nicht zu übersehen, leichtere reversible Störungen kognitiver Leistungen werden vielfach nicht diagnostiziert, treten jedoch -- besonders im höheren Lebensalter - häufiger auf. Die Frage für die vorliegende Arbeit war: Gibt es für die Alltagsdiagnostik milderer Verlaufsformen des Delirs sensitive und spezifische Symptome? Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die neuropsychologische Charakterisierung von Delirsyndromen im Alter und deliranter postiktaler Zustände bei bilateraler Elektrokrampftherapie (EKT). Methodik: 20 Patienten in einem unmittelbar nach einer EKT-Sitzung bestehenden Delirzustand mit Bewusstseinsstörung, 16 Patienten mit mindestens mittelschwerer depressiver Episode ohne EKT und 40 gesunde Kontrollpersonen wurden untersucht. Dazu kamen zwei Stichproben von gerontopsychiatrischen Patienten mit Delir bei Demenz (N = 50) und bei anderen Ursachen (N = 21). Die neuropsychologische Delir Test Batterie prüft die zeitliche Orientierung, das Lernen einer Wortliste, Buchstaben-Fluency, eine bedside working memory Aufgabe (inkrementelles Addieren) und die Zahlenspanne vorwärts. Alle Patienten wurden ca. 24 h nach der Testung hinsichtlich der Erinnerung an diese erste Testuntersuchung befragt. Ergebnisse: Die Leistungen in allen Tests der Batterie waren zwar erwartungsgemäß in den Gruppen der Patienten mit einem postiktalen Delir gestört. Der Lernzuwachs bei der Wiedergabe einer Wortliste war aber von Lerndurchgang zu Lerndurchgang unauffällig. Es ergab sich kein Unterschied in der Lernleistung zwischen den Patienten, die die Erstuntersuchung später vergessen hatten (amnestische Lücke), und denen, die sich an die Testung erinnern konnten. Diskussion: Einerseits wird die niedrige Sensitivität und Spezifität von Bewusstseinseintrübungen, Orientierungsstörungen, retrograder Amnesie und Merkfähigkeit für die Diagnose des Delirs demonstriert. Andererseits konnte in einer neuropsychologischen Testung kein qualitatives Merkmal für ein Delir dargestellt werden, d. h. Patienten im Delir weisen zwar schlechtere Leistungen, aber kein qualitativ charakteristisches Merkmal auf, insbesondere keines, dass die Differenzialdiagnose zu einer vorbestehenden Demenzsymptomatik ermöglichen könnte. Damit bleibt es schwer, bei einer schlechten kognitiven Leistung besonders eines Patienten im höheren Lebensalter zu erkennen, ob diese reversibel sein könnte, d. h. ein kognitives Delirsyndrom vorliegen könnte.

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnon Lotem ◽  
Oren Kolodny ◽  
Joseph Y. Halpern ◽  
Luca Onnis ◽  
Shimon Edelman

AbstractAs a highly consequential biological trait, a memory “bottleneck” cannot escape selection pressures. It must therefore co-evolve with other cognitive mechanisms rather than act as an independent constraint. Recent theory and an implemented model of language acquisition suggest that a limit on working memory may evolve to help learning. Furthermore, it need not hamper the use of language for communication.


2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 3036-3050
Author(s):  
Elma Blom ◽  
Tessel Boerma

Purpose Many children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have weaknesses in executive functioning (EF), specifically in tasks testing interference control and working memory. It is unknown how EF develops in children with DLD, if EF abilities are related to DLD severity and persistence, and if EF weaknesses expand to selective attention. This study aimed to address these gaps. Method Data from 78 children with DLD and 39 typically developing (TD) children were collected at three times with 1-year intervals. At Time 1, the children were 5 or 6 years old. Flanker, Dot Matrix, and Sky Search tasks tested interference control, visuospatial working memory, and selective attention, respectively. DLD severity was based on children's language ability. DLD persistence was based on stability of the DLD diagnosis. Results Performance on all tasks improved in both groups. TD children outperformed children with DLD on interference control. No differences were found for visuospatial working memory and selective attention. An interference control gap between the DLD and TD groups emerged between Time 1 and Time 2. Severity and persistence of DLD were related to interference control and working memory; the impact on working memory was stronger. Selective attention was unrelated to DLD severity and persistence. Conclusions Age and DLD severity and persistence determine whether or not children with DLD show EF weaknesses. Interference control is most clearly impaired in children with DLD who are 6 years and older. Visuospatial working memory is impaired in children with severe and persistent DLD. Selective attention is spared.


2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 4162-4178
Author(s):  
Emily Jackson ◽  
Suze Leitão ◽  
Mary Claessen ◽  
Mark Boyes

Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual–spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual–spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual–spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual–spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180


2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Robert Moore ◽  
Susan Gordon-Hickey

The purpose of this article is to propose 4 dimensions for consideration in hearing aid fittings and 4 tests to evaluate those dimensions. The 4 dimensions and tests are (a) working memory, evaluated by the Revised Speech Perception in Noise test (Bilger, Nuetzel, & Rabinowitz, 1984); (b) performance in noise, evaluated by the Quick Speech in Noise test (QSIN; Killion, Niquette, Gudmundsen, Revit, & Banerjee, 2004); (c) acceptance of noise, evaluated by the Acceptable Noise Level test (ANL; Nabelek, Tucker, & Letowski, 1991); and (d) performance versus perception, evaluated by the Perceptual–Performance test (PPT; Saunders & Cienkowski, 2002). The authors discuss the 4 dimensions and tests in the context of improving the quality of hearing aid fittings.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. DiGiovanni ◽  
Travis L. Riffle

The search for best practices in hearing aid fittings and aural rehabilitation has generally used the audiogram and function stemming from peripheral sensitivity. In recent years, however, we have learned that individuals respond differently to various hearing aid and aural rehabilitation techniques based on cognitive abilities. In this paper, we review basic concepts of working memory and the literature driving our knowledge in newer concepts of hearing aid fitting and aural rehabilitation.


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