Recognition Memory for Self-Relevant Personality-Trait Words

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznański
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
The Self ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Self Study ◽  
Trait Words

Two studies based on a signal detection model of recognition memory are presented. Both studies investigated detection and response bias in the recognition of personality-trait words with respect to their relation to the self. Study 1 employed a yes-no task in which participants were to recognize trait adjectives. Study 2 employed a rating task in which participants declared their confidence with respect to whether a noun or an adjective had been presented. After the recognition task, participants selected personality-trait words that described them and ones that described other people. The results indicated a stronger tendency to say “old” for self-descriptive than for non-self-descriptive adjectives and nouns. Study 2 suggested that self-descriptive nouns are better detected than non-self-descriptive nouns.

Effects of Social Influence in a Recognition Task of Auditory Intensity: A Temporary Shift in Criterion

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Biderman ◽  
William D. McBrayer ◽  
Mary La Montagne
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Auditory Intensity ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Social Sensitivity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Orthogonal Components

The effects of responses of another person or a computer occurring prior to the subjects' responses in tasks of recognition of auditory intensity were interpreted in terms of a signal-detection model which assumed that subjects shifted their decision criteria temporarily on each trial. A parameter representing the amount of criterion shift reliably estimated sensitivity to social influence. When the social sensitivity parameter was estimated from the data, discriminative ability, defined as d', was unaffected by the presence of social influence. Principal components analyses suggested that social sensitivity and discriminative ability represented essentially orthogonal components of subjects' decision behavior.

scholarly journals The unequal variance signal-detection model of recognition memory: Investigating the encoding variability hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1260
Author(s):  
Rory W Spanton ◽  
Christopher J Berry
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Strength Variance ◽  
Back Task

Despite the unequal variance signal-detection (UVSD) model’s prominence as a model of recognition memory, a psychological explanation for the unequal variance assumption has yet to be verified. According to the encoding variability hypothesis, old item memory strength variance (σo) is greater than that of new items because items are incremented by variable, rather than fixed, amounts of strength at encoding. Conditions that increase encoding variability should therefore result in greater estimates of σo. We conducted three experiments to test this prediction. In Experiment 1, encoding variability was manipulated by presenting items for a fixed or variable (normally distributed) duration at study. In Experiment 2, we used an attentional manipulation whereby participants studied items while performing an auditory one-back task in which distractors were presented at fixed or variable intervals. In Experiment 3, participants studied stimuli with either high or low variance in word frequency. Across experiments, estimates of σo were unaffected by our attempts to manipulate encoding variability, even though the manipulations weakly affected subsequent recognition. Instead, estimates of σo tended to be positively correlated with estimates of the mean difference in strength between new and studied items ( d), as might be expected if σo generally scales with d. Our results show that it is surprisingly hard to successfully manipulate encoding variability, and they provide a signpost for others seeking to test the encoding variability hypothesis.

Assessing Children's Racial Attitudes via a Signal Detection Model

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn H. Williams ◽  
John E. Williams ◽  
Robert C. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Absolute Judgment ◽  
Positive Signal ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Negative Adjective ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Negative Signal

Previous research indicated that, in relative choice situations, both Caucasian and Negro preschool children tend to associate positive evaluative adjectives with light-skinned human figures and negative evaluative adjectives with dark-skinned ones. The present study utilized a signal-detection model with figures presented singly so that response bias, as well as sensitivity to the color-signal, could be evaluated. 30 Caucasian and 30 Negro preschool children were given 48 trials on which either a dark-skinned or light-skinned figure was accompanied by a story containing a positive or a negative adjective and were asked if the story described the figure. Dark-skinned figures carried a negative “signal” for Ss of both races. While the light-skinned figure carried a positive signal for the Caucasian Ss, the evidence for Negro Ss was unclear. The data also showed strong acquiescent (“yea-saying”) response biases, i.e., the children tended to respond “yes” much more frequently than “no,” regardless of the type of adjective employed or the skin-color of the presented figure. It was concluded that the basic phenomena previously shown with the relative choice methodology can also be shown with the absolute judgment methodology of the signal-detection model.

Word-Imagery Effects on Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Significant Enhancement ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Familiarity In Recognition Memory ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
French Speaking

The Remember/Know procedure was used to investigate the effects of word imageability on recognition memory. An experiment, using French-speaking undergraduate students (17 women and 3 men), replicated Dewhurst and Conway's 1994 finding that rated imageability significantly increased accurate Remember responses but not Know responses when analyzed in the traditional way, assuming that the response types are mutually exclusive. Data were also analyzed using the Yonelinas, et al. 1998 dual-process signal-detection model, for estimating recollection and familiarity while assuming that Remember and Know responses are independent. Analysis indicated significant enhancement of imageability for estimates of both recollection and familiarity. This was interpreted as meaning that imageability enhanced both item-specific and contextual information associated with studied words.

scholarly journals A direct test of the unequal-variance signal detection model of recognition memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mickes ◽  
John T. Wixted ◽  
Peter E. Wais
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model

Picture Recognition Errors in the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Helmut Hildebrandt ◽  
Jana Schill ◽  
Jana Bördgen ◽  
Andreas Kastrup ◽  
Paul Eling
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Discriminatory Power ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Picture Recognition ◽  
Recognition Errors

Abstract. This article explores the possibility of differentiating between patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and patients with other kinds of dementia by focusing on false alarms (FAs) on a picture recognition task (PRT). In Study 1, we compared AD and non-AD patients on the PRT and found that FAs discriminate well between these groups. Study 2 served to improve the discriminatory power of the FA score on the picture recognition task by adding associated pairs. Here, too, the FA score differentiated well between AD and non-AD patients, though the discriminatory power did not improve. The findings suggest that AD patients show a liberal response bias. Taken together, these studies suggest that FAs in picture recognition are of major importance for the clinical diagnosis of AD.

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