Personality and Culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Koorosh Massoudi ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Jérôme Rossier
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Comparability Of Results

A review of nearly three decades of cross-cultural research shows that this domain still has to address several issues regarding the biases of data collection and sampling methods, the lack of clear and consensual definitions of constructs and variables, and measurement invariance issues that seriously limit the comparability of results across cultures. Indeed, a large majority of the existing studies are still based on the anthropological model, which compares two cultures and mainly uses convenience samples of university students. This paper stresses the need to incorporate a larger variety of regions and cultures in the research designs, the necessity to theorize and identify a larger set of variables in order to describe a human environment, and the importance of overcoming methodological weaknesses to improve the comparability of measurement results. Cross-cultural psychology is at the next crossroads in it’s development, and researchers can certainly make major contributions to this domain if they can address these weaknesses and challenges.

scholarly journals Cultural dimension of individualism and collectivism and its perceptual and cognitive correlates in cross-cultural research

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-225
Author(s):  
Jiří Čeněk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Cultures

This paper reviews the current findings on the dimension of individualism/collectivism, which might be a useful tool for the comparison of different cultures and for the investigation of the effect of culture as a psychological concept on individual mental processes. The validity and reliability of the concept of the dimension of individualism/collectivism is discussed. The related theory of analytic and holistic thinking is introduced within a framework of extensive comparative research in the field of cross-cultural psychology. Several interesting research designs on cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception are described. The empirical part contains a short report of research conducted on a sample (N=92) of Czech and Czech Vietnamese university students using a scale of horizontal and vertical individualism/collectivism (Bartoš, 2010). The results do not fully support the traditional view of individualistic Europeans and collectivistic Asians.

scholarly journals Mobile Sensing Around the Globe: Considerations for Cross-Cultural Research

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Vy Phan ◽  
Nick Modersitzki ◽  
Kim Karen Gloystein ◽  
Sandrine Müller
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Mobile Sensing ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Research Findings

The ubiquity of mobile devices allows researchers to assess people’s real-life behaviors objectively, unobtrusively, and with high temporal resolution. As a result, psychological mobile sensing research has grown rapidly. However, only very few cross-cultural mobile sensing studies have been conducted to date. In addition, existing multi-country studies often fail to acknowledge or examine possible cross-cultural differences. In this chapter, we illustrate biases that can occur when conducting cross-cultural mobile sensing studies. Such biases can relate to measurement, construct, sample, device type, user practices, and environmental factors. We also propose mitigation strategies to minimize these biases, such as the use of informants with expertise in local culture, the development of cross-culturally comparable instruments, the use of culture-specific recruiting strategies and incentives, and rigorous reporting standards regarding the generalizability of research findings. We hope to inspire rigorous comparative research to establish and refine mobile sensing methodologies for cross-cultural psychology.

Research Methods in Cross-Cultural Psychology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fons J.R. Van de Vijver ◽  
Jia He
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Differential Item Functioning Analysis ◽  
Methodological Aspects

Bias and equivalence provide a framework for methodological aspects of cross-cultural studies. Bias is a generic term for any systematic errors in the measurement that endanger the comparability of cross-cultural data; bias results in invalid comparative conclusions. The demonstration of equivalence (i.e., absence of bias) is a prerequisite for any cross-cultural comparison. Based on the source of incomparability, three types of bias, namely construct, method, and item bias, can be distinguished. Correspondingly, three levels of equivalence, namely, construct, metric, and scalar equivalence, can be distinguished. One of the goals in cross-cultural research is to minimize bias and enhance comparability. The definitions and manifestations of these types of bias and equivalence are described and remedies to minimize bias and enhance equivalence at the design, implementation, and statistical analysis phases of a cross-cultural study are provided. These strategies involve different research features (e.g., decentering and convergence), extensive pilot and pretesting, and various statistical procedures to demonstration of different levels of equivalence and detections of bias (e.g., factor analysis based approaches and differential item functioning analysis). The implications of bias and equivalence also extend to instrument adaptation and combining etic and emic approaches to maximize the ecological validity. Instrument choices in cross-cultural research and the categorization of adaptations stemming from considerations of the concept, culture, language, and measurement are outlined. Examples from cross-cultural research of personality are highlighted to illustrate the importance of combining etic and emic approaches. The professionalization and broadening of the field is expected to increase the validity of conclusions regarding cross-cultural similarities and differences.

Replication and Reproducibility in Cross-Cultural Psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taciano L. Milfont ◽  
Richard A. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Current Psychological Research ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Academic Misconduct ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Research Populations ◽  
Current Psychological

Replication is the scientific gold standard that enables the confirmation of research findings. Concerns related to publication bias, flexibility in data analysis, and high-profile cases of academic misconduct have led to recent calls for more replication and systematic accumulation of scientific knowledge in psychological science. This renewed emphasis on replication may pose specific challenges to cross-cultural research due to inherent practical difficulties in emulating an original study in other cultural groups. The purpose of the present article is to discuss how the core concepts of this replication debate apply to cross-cultural psychology. Distinct to replications in cross-cultural research are examinations of bias and equivalence in manipulations and procedures, and that targeted research populations may differ in meaningful ways. We identify issues in current psychological research (analytic flexibility, low power) and possible solutions (preregistration, power analysis), and discuss ways to implement best practices in cross-cultural replication attempts.

Explorations in Dynamics of Symbolic Meaning with Cultural Experiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Boski
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural Psychology ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Religious Icons

To counterbalance the predominantly verbal measures and psychometric orientation in cross-cultural psychology, this chapter proposes the concept of cultural experiment. It is a method of sampling normative behavioral scripts, exploring their inner structures of meaning, and finally designing reversals, with the expectation of disconfirmation as their ultimate validity test. Pictorial materials (videos) are the preferred methods in this approach as contextualized models of existing cultural arrangements or their modifications. Empirical evidence comes from five cross-cultural research projects spanned over 30 years. These experiments illustrate contrasts in psychological adaptation to congruent and incongruent scenarios. They provide answers when new cultural ways meet with resistance and when novelty is appreciated or tolerated. Three experiments focus on dynamics of gender role prescriptions from Polish and Scandinavian perspectives. Another study investigates person perception of culturally familiar and remote African actors. The last study explores tolerance priming through religious icons from in-group and out-group cultures.

Shame and self-conscious emotions in Japan and Australia: Evidence for a third shame logic

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-638
Author(s):  
Rhiannon Thomas ◽  
Russell Deighton ◽  
Masashi Mizuno ◽  
Sosei Yamaguchi and Chiyo Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

Few studies have examined the more nuanced experiential facets of self-conscious emotion from a cross-cultural perspective. The present study’s aim was to investigate shame and embarrassment experiences in relation to shame logics (or appraisals), shame antecedents and intensity across cultures in Australia and Japan, drawing on Fessler’s Dual Logics Model of Shame ( Fessler, 2004 ), and applying a new instrument (The Self-Conscious Emotion Questionnaire). There were 157 participants from two cultures, Japan (75) and Australia (82) who completed both paper-based and web-based questionnaires. Previous findings showing a higher experienced shame intensity found in Japan were corroborated across all shame and embarrassment logics. While the logic of ‘norm non-conformity’ was the strongest logic in both cultures, the logic of ‘status lowness’ was prominent in Japan but not Australia, and the novel logic of ‘broken positive assumptions about the self’ was prominent in both cultures. Shame in Japan appeared to be stronger with an introspective ‘eyes of self’ but explicitly described trigger, whereas in Australia, it was more publicly ‘eyes of other’ and implicitly induced counter to some expectations. Findings support the Self-Conscious Emotion Questionnaire as an instrument for exploring nuanced aspects of self-conscious emotion in cross-cultural research and lend support to a novel third logic of ‘broken positive assumptions about the self’ in both Australian and Japanese samples.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis techniques based on Cross-Cultural research methods: cross-cultural paradigms and intra-country comparisons

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Kostas Mylonas
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Coefficient Matrix ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Covariance Structure Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

Accumulated cross-cultural research has shown that its methods can also apply within countries, especially as more and more different immigrants or sojourners flow into host countries and the need to deal at least with acculturation issues is pressing. Cross-cultural methodology approximates research on intra-country issues, since comparinggroups with different characteristics within countries may also reflect different “cultures” represented by each of the differential groups. A question of bias elimination is raised when such comparisons areattempted either under a Cross-Cultural or an intra-country scope. Taking the van de Vijver and Leung and the Poortinga and van de Vijver theories on bias in terms of culture as a starting point, a triple-fold paradigm employing factor analysis and other techniques is presented on: (a) the application of simple congruence coefficients in estimating factor similarity –that is, basic factor equivalence testing– along with a proposed method of taking advantage of the Tucker coefficient matrix for a set of two or more factor structures, (b) the within-country application of multilevel covariance structure analysis and Procrustean rotations for a set of between groups and pooled-within correlation matrices, and (c) the reduction of “bias in terms of culture” by eliminating variance components through multivariate methods. By incorporating some of these methods in standard -within country- psychological research, we should be able to gain on theoretical andpsychometric grounds and we may finally question the degree of construct similarity among groups within a country, which cannot be necessarily taken for granted. These considerations are closely related to the use of multilevel analyses, as these stem from Cross-Cultural Psychology through most forms of intracountry and/or inter-country comparisons.

scholarly journals Exploring disaster ontologies from Chinese and Western perspectives: commonalities and nuances

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Goodall ◽  
Yajun Li ◽  
Ksenia Chmutina ◽  
Tom Dijkstra ◽  
Xingmin Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Disaster Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThis paper explores ontological assumptions of disasters and introduces some concepts from Chinese disaster scholarship. The authors suggest an approach to explore and engage with different ontologies of disaster without direct comparison, that can further interdisciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration.Design/methodology/approachBy reviewing the academic literature and focussing on two recent key translational texts by Chinese scholars, the authors show what can be revealed about ontology and the potential influence on thinking about human-environment interactions and disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy.FindingsIn Chinese disaster studies, the goal of a “harmonious human-environment relationship” is a foundational concept. There is a clear hierarchical and ontological distinction between humans and the natural ecological system viewed as an integrated whole, with underlying rules that can be discovered by scientific research to enable management of a harmonious relationship.Practical implicationsThe authors suggest a practical way to begin with the following questions: What is the societal goal/aim? What is nature? What is society? How do these interact to create disasters? And what are the implications for DRR research and practice? The authors also demonstrate the importance of probing and understanding the underlying ontologies that are the foundation for theory, which in turn is the foundation for policy and action.Originality/valueIdentification of ontological differences in interdisciplinary and cross-cultural research collaborations and working across these boundaries is challenging and rarely questioned. Yet, as demonstrated here, considering ontological assumptions of the causes of disaster, within and across cultures and disciplines, is essential for collaboration and further research.

The Heart of Darkness: Advice on Navigating Cross-Cultural Research

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Catherine Tinsley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Heart Of Darkness ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

AbstractWhen navigating through cross cultural research designs, one can get lost in the jungle of several methodological dichotomies: positivist versus interpretive epistemologies, etic versus emic perspectives, and inductive versus deductive processes. To move towards either end of these dichotomies risks compromising the rigor and validity of one's study. Thus, cross-cultural research is an endeavor devoted to managing the tensions created by these dichotomies; they represent competing interests or paradigms, which are valid concerns, but need to be addressed with perspective. When embarking on a cross-cultural research project, one is always striking a balance between competing interests, and continuously trying to find the middle road. This article discusses this middle road strategy.

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