Temperamental Traits and Severity of PTSD Symptoms

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Zawadzki ◽  
Agnieszka Popiel
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Individual Vulnerability ◽  
Icd 10

The paper presents the results of a longitudinal study of two groups of participants of motor vehicle accidents (MVA). They were investigated twice: The first time after 1–6 months (N = 362) or 12–24 months (N = 337) after a MVA, and then 1 year after the initial assessment. We assumed that, among the environmental variables (severity of experienced trauma, trauma-related prolonged stressors, other traumatic event and social support), two temperamental traits, emotional reactivity and briskness, would be factors influencing the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder. We also assumed that, after a longer distance from the MVA, temperament would be affected by symptoms of PTSD. Analysis of the cross-lagged effects confirmed the expectations regarding the “temperamental vulnerability” to PTSD in the shorter timespan after the MVA, indicating the process of “complication” and leading to changes in temperament under the influence of the disorder. Moreover, emotional reactivity was associated concurrently with higher levels of PTSD symptoms, especially in interaction with the severity of experienced trauma. Emotional reactivity and briskness also predicted changes in symptom severity, after controlling for the initial PTSD level and especially in interaction with trauma-related prolonged stressors. We propose implications of the results in our understanding “enduring personality change after catastrophic experience” as a diagnostic category in the ICD-10 and underline the significance of temperament as a factor influencing individual “vulnerability” to trauma.

scholarly journals Are Negative Cognitions Associated With Severe Acute Trauma Responses?

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald D.V. Nixon ◽  
Richard A. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Trauma Appraisals ◽  
Trauma Responses

AbstractRecent cognitive models of trauma response predict that negative trauma appraisals are central to the development of psychopathological stress reactions. Fifty-nine civilian survivors of motor vehicle accidents (MVA; n = 24) and nonsexual assaults (n = 35) were assessed within 4 weeks of their traumatic event for acute stress disorder (ASD), prior traumatic events and prior mental health contact, and were administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Participants who were diagnosed with ASD displayed more maladaptive appraisals about their functioning following their trauma and reported higher levels of concern regarding anxiety symptoms than those who were not diagnosed with ASD. Negative beliefs were strongly associated with acute stress severity. These findings are discussed in the context of cognitive mechanisms that may influence maladaptive adjustment following trauma.

scholarly journals Profile of care given to patients with blunt chest injuries within the first 48 hours

Curationis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Nyangena
Keyword(s):  
Chest Trauma ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Psychosocial Care ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Academic Hospital ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Chest Injuries ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Record Review ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study was conducted in the trauma unit of a large academic hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. The study aimed at describing the nature of care that patients with blunt chest injuries received during the first 48 hours after injury. A descriptive survey was chosen using retrospective and prospective record review to obtain data. The sample comprised 60 records of patients who were admitted to the hospital due to blunt chest injuries between January 1997 and June 1998. Descriptive statistics were used to present and analyse data. The study showed that: (i) Blunt chest trauma victims received a thorough initial assessment and care. No missed injuries were identified on subsequent assessment; (ii) More than half of the patients spent over one hour in the accident/emergency department before admission to the trauma ward or intensive care unit (ICU); (iii) Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) were the commonest cause of injury while pedestrian vehicle accidents (PVA) were often fatal; (iv) Nurses are good providers of care but poor in prescribing and documenting care; (v) Pain assessment and psychosocial care was often neglected; (vi) Less than half the patients developed complications during the first 48 hours; pain and pneumonia being the most common complications encountered.

Head Trauma in Children

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
Brahm Goldstein ◽  
Karen S. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Pediatric Head Injury

Head injury, either alone or in association with multiple other injuries, is extremely common. The initial assessment and management of children who have a head injury is an important topic for all pediatricians. Epidemiology Table 1 lists definitions of minor, moderate, and severe head injuries as determined by the initial neurologic presentation. The most common method to assess a child's neurologic status initially is to assign a score based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The GCS is determined by eye opening and best verbal and motor responses (Tables 2 and 3). Mild-to-moderate head injuries are far more common than severe injuries in the pediatric population. More than 90% of children requiring admission to a hospital following head injury have a GCS score of 13 to 15; severe head injury (GCS≤ 8) accounts for approximately 5% of admissions. Motor vehicle accidents, bicycle accidents, falls, sporting accidents, assaults, and child abuse are the most common causes of pediatric head injury. Despite a significant reduction in the number of pediatric fatalities due to implementation of the 55 mile/hour speed limit, motor vehicle accidents still result in a large number of hospital admissions and deaths each year. Many of these accidents are associated with drug or alcohol abuse.

COGNITIVE FACTORS IN TRAUMATIC STRESS REACTIONS: PREDICTING PTSD SYMPTOMS FROM ANXIETY SENSITIVITY AND BELIEFS ABOUT HARMFUL EVENTS

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid C. Fedroff ◽  
Steven Taylor ◽  
Gordon J. G. Asmundson ◽  
William J. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Pain Severity ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Vehicle Accidents

The present study evaluated the relative importance of different cognitive factors (anxiety sensitivity and trauma-related beliefs) in predicting PTSD symptom severity and treatment-related changes in these symptoms. Eighty-one victims of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) completed self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, anxiety sensitivity (AS), MVA-related beliefs and control variables (e.g., medication use, pain severity). A subsample of patients (n=28), who received cognitive-behavioural treatment for PTSD, completed these measures pre- and post-treatment. For the combined sample (n=81), regression analyses indicated that AS and pain severity were significant predictors of PTSD symptoms, whereas MVA-related beliefs were not. For patients completing treatment, regression analyses indicated that reductions in AS and pain severity were significant predictors of reductions in PTSD symptoms. MVA-related beliefs did not significantly predict symptom reduction once AS, pain severity and medication status was controlled for. These findings suggest that AS is a significant cognitive risk factor for exacerbating and maintaining PTSD symptoms. Treatment implications are discussed.

The Relationship Between Temperament Traits and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Its Moderators: Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

2019 ◽  
pp. 152483801987670
Author(s):  
Maria Cyniak-Cieciura ◽  
Bogdan Zawadzki
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Temperament Traits ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Relationship

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and disabling reaction to extreme stress. Because of the strong consequences of long-lasting PTSD symptoms, the research of risk and protective factors is needed. Presented meta-analysis aimed to verify temperament traits according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament as risk/protective factors of PTSD symptoms development. The studies for this meta-analysis were found in four main databases of scientific journals and due to contact with first authors, the unpublished data was accessed as well. The inclusion criteria allowed studies with traumatized adult populations and operationalization of the temperament according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament. Finally, data were included from 19 studies (5971 people: 3443 men and 2528 females, in the age of 13-85) with prospective, longitudinal and cross-sectional study designs, carried out among people exposed to combat trauma, occupational trauma (policemen and fire-fighters), disasters (flood, fire and mining catastrophes), motor vehicle accidents and chronic illnesses. The results show significant moderate and weak relations of all temperament traits to PTSD symptoms regardless of people’s gender, type of study, type of trauma, DSM version and temperament measure as well as the time elapsed after the trauma. Among different moderators, a previously unrecognized effect of gender was revealed as it explained a significant amount of variance in the case of emotional reactivity, endurance, and perseveration - the relationship was significantly stronger among men than women. Methodological conclusions for further research on personality and trauma are drawn.

scholarly journals Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-22 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
World War I ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Vehicle Accidents

The role of psychological trauma (eg, rape, physical assaults, torture, motor vehicle accidents) as an etiological factor in mental disorders, anticipated as early as the 19th century by Janet, Freud, and Breuer, and more specifically during World War I and II by Kardiner, was "rediscovered" some 20 years ago in the wake of the psychological traumas inflicted by the Vietnam war and the discussion "in the open " of sexual abuse and rape by the women's liberation movement, 1980 marked a major turning point, with the incorporation of the diagnostic construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) into the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) and the definition of its main diagnostic criteria (reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and symptoms of increased arousal). Initially described as resulting from a onetime severe traumatic incident, PTSD has now been shown to be triggered by chronic multiple traumas as well. This "state-of-the-art" article discusses past and current understanding of the disorder, with particular emphasis on the recent explosive developments in neuroimaging and other fields of the neurosciences that have highlighted the complex interrelationships between the psychological, psychiatric, biological, and neuroanatomical components of the disorder, and opened up entirely new therapeutic perspectives on how to help the victims of trauma overcome their past.

Traumatic Total or Partial Ear Loss

2019 ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Jenna Martin Bourgeois ◽  
Keith A. Hurvitz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Injured Patient ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Workplace Injuries ◽  
Traumatic Amputation ◽  
Operative Techniques ◽  
Vehicle Accidents

Total or partial ear loss injuries remain commonplace in society, and proper management is the key to a successful outcome. Acquired ear defects are becoming increasingly more common following trauma, which can include motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and workplace injuries. Reconstruction of the external ear following traumatic amputation remains an extremely challenging procedure for plastic surgeons. This chapter covers the intricacies of managing these deformities. It outlines the initial assessment of the injured patient followed by a review of the available operative techniques. After reading this chapter, the reader will have a better appreciation for managing patients presenting with traumatic total or partial ear loss.

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