scholarly journals The Role of Shape in Semantic Memory Organization of Objects

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-197
Author(s):  
Lisanne van Weelden ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Marc Swerts ◽  
Diane Pecher
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Object Categorization ◽  
Memory Organization ◽  
Shape Information ◽  
Semantic Categories

Visual information contributes fundamentally to the process of object categorization. The present study investigated whether the degree of activation of visual information in this process is dependent on the contextual relevance of this information. We used the Proactive Interference (PI-release) paradigm. In four experiments, we manipulated the information by which objects could be categorized and subsequently be retrieved from memory. The pattern of PI-release showed that if objects could be stored and retrieved both by (non-perceptual) semantic and (perceptual) shape information, then shape information was overruled by semantic information. If, however, semantic information could not be (satisfactorily) used to store and retrieve objects, then objects were stored in memory in terms of their shape. The latter effect was found to be strongest for objects from identical semantic categories.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

Exploring semantic memory by investigating buildup and release of proactive interference in healthy older adults and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi S. Multhaup ◽  
David A. Balota ◽  
Mark E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Prior List ◽  
Release From Proactive Interference ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThere is debate regarding the integrity of semantic memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). One view argues that DAT is associated with a breakdown in semantic memory; the other argues that DAT is associated with predominantly preserved semantic memory and a breakdown in retrieval. The classic release from proactive interference (RPI) paradigm was used to shed light on this debate. Individuals with early-stage DAT (n = 36) and healthy older adult controls (n = 45) participated in an RPI paradigm. Each trial was a Brown–Peterson task in which participants read three-word lists, counted (for 0, 3, 6, or 9 s), and recalled the words. Both groups showed significant proactive interference (PI), but the size of the PI was significantly smaller in the DAT group. The group difference in PI may be due to the faster forgetting rate in the DAT group. Both groups showed significant RPI and there was no group difference in size when RPI was considered in terms of PI levels. Both groups showed PI and RPI in prior list intrusions. The DAT group's significant buildup and release of PI based on semantic categories suggest predominantly preserved semantic memory activity, at least, in early-stage DAT individuals. (JINS, 2003, 9, 830–838.)

scholarly journals Revealing the Role of Divergent Thinking and Fluid Intelligence in Children’s Semantic Memory Organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Clara Rastelli ◽  
Antonino Greco ◽  
Chiara Finocchiaro
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Memory Organization ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Creative Cognition ◽  
Science Methodology

The current theories suggest the fundamental role of semantic memory in creativity, mediating bottom-up (divergent thinking) and top-down (fluid intelligence) cognitive processes. However, the relationship between creativity, intelligence, and the organization of the semantic memory remains poorly-characterized in children. We investigated the ways in which individual differences in children’s semantic memory structures are influenced by their divergent thinking and fluid intelligence abilities. The participants (mean age 10) were grouped by their levels (high/low) of divergent thinking and fluid intelligence. We applied a recently-developed Network Science approach in order to examine group-based semantic memory graphs. Networks were constructed from a semantic fluency task. The results revealed that divergent thinking abilities are related to a more flexible structure of the semantic network, while fluid intelligence corresponds to a more structured semantic network, in line with the previous findings from the adult sample. Our findings confirm the crucial role of semantic memory organization in creative performance, and demonstrate that this phenomenon can be traced back to childhood. Finally, we also corroborate the network science methodology as a valid approach to the study of creative cognition in the developmental population.

scholarly journals Inclusive digital finance: the industry of equity crowdfunding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Butticè ◽  
Silvio Vismara
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Entrepreneurial Finance ◽  
Industrial Dynamics ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ventures ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractNowadays equity crowdfunding plays an important role in the entrepreneurial finance markets. To better understand the functioning of the industry, it is important to consider the entire equity crowdfunding process and all the actors involved. Equity crowdfunding platforms match indeed the demand of capital from entrepreneurial ventures with the supply of capital by investors. This manuscript is a first step in this direction, by (1) comparing equity crowdfunding with traditional sources of entrepreneurial finance; (2) discussing the potential and the perils of equity crowdfunding for inclusivity and democratization; (3) highlighting the role of visual information in digital finance; and (4) providing first insights on the industrial dynamics in equity crowdfunding. The paper gives researchers and practitioners orientation about recent developments in equity crowdfunding literature and provides relevant research directions.

scholarly journals Interphotoreceptor coupling: an evolutionary perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cangiano ◽  
Sabrina Asteriti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn the vertebrate retina, signals generated by cones of different spectral preference and by highly sensitive rod photoreceptors interact at various levels to extract salient visual information. The first opportunity for such interaction is offered by electrical coupling of the photoreceptors themselves, which is mediated by gap junctions located at the contact points of specialised cellular processes: synaptic terminals, telodendria and radial fins. Here, we examine the evolutionary pressures for and against interphotoreceptor coupling, which are likely to have shaped how coupling is deployed in different species. The impact of coupling on signal to noise ratio, spatial acuity, contrast sensitivity, absolute and increment threshold, retinal signal flow and colour discrimination is discussed while emphasising available data from a variety of vertebrate models spanning from lampreys to primates. We highlight the many gaps in our knowledge, persisting discrepancies in the literature, as well as some major unanswered questions on the actual extent and physiological role of cone-cone, rod-cone and rod-rod communication. Lastly, we point toward limited but intriguing evidence suggestive of the ancestral form of coupling among ciliary photoreceptors.

Temporal Dynamics of Shape Processing Differentiate Contributions of Dorsal and Ventral Visual Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Collins ◽  
Erez Freud ◽  
Jana M. Kainerstorfer ◽  
Jiaming Cao ◽  
Marlene Behrmann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Shape Sensitivity ◽  
Shape Information ◽  
Dorsal Pathway ◽  
Ventral Visual Pathway ◽  
Shape Processing ◽  
Ventral Pathway

Although shape perception is primarily considered a function of the ventral visual pathway, previous research has shown that both dorsal and ventral pathways represent shape information. Here, we examine whether the shape-selective electrophysiological signals observed in dorsal cortex are a product of the connectivity to ventral cortex or are independently computed. We conducted multiple EEG studies in which we manipulated the input parameters of the stimuli so as to bias processing to either the dorsal or ventral visual pathway. Participants viewed displays of common objects with shape information parametrically degraded across five levels. We measured shape sensitivity by regressing the amplitude of the evoked signal against the degree of stimulus scrambling. Experiment 1, which included grayscale versions of the stimuli, served as a benchmark establishing the temporal pattern of shape processing during typical object perception. These stimuli evoked broad and sustained patterns of shape sensitivity beginning as early as 50 msec after stimulus onset. In Experiments 2 and 3, we calibrated the stimuli such that visual information was delivered primarily through parvocellular inputs, which mainly project to the ventral pathway, or through koniocellular inputs, which mainly project to the dorsal pathway. In the second and third experiments, shape sensitivity was observed, but in distinct spatio-temporal configurations from each other and from that elicited by grayscale inputs. Of particular interest, in the koniocellular condition, shape selectivity emerged earlier than in the parvocellular condition. These findings support the conclusion of distinct dorsal pathway computations of object shape, independent from the ventral pathway.

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