Evidence for the Jeffrey Table

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Moyun Wang ◽  
Mingyi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Probability Judgments ◽  
Low Level ◽  
De Finetti

Abstract. Conditionals statements are a common and necessary component in natural languages. The research reported in this paper is on a fundamental question about singular conditionals. Is there an adequate account of people’s truth, falsity, and credibility (probability) judgments about these conditionals when their antecedents are false? Two experiments examined people’s quantitative credibility ratings and qualitative truth and falsity judgments for singular conditionals, if p then q, given false antecedent, not-p, cases. The results demonstrate that, when relevant knowledge about the conditional probability of q given p, P( q|p), is available to participants in not-p cases, they tend to make credibility ratings based on P( q|p), and to make “true” (or “false”) judgments at a high (or low) level of these credibility ratings. These findings favor the Jeffrey table account of these conditionals over the other existing accounts, including that of the de Finetti table.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: IV. THE NON-PROTEIN NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF THE MUSCLE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The non-protein nitrogenous constituents of muscle of migrating sockeye salmon were investigated. These constituents were found to be the same in both male and female fish and were present in approximately the same amounts in both sexes. The histidine content of the muscle in all fish decreased to one fifth of the original value during the early stages of the migratory journey and remained at the low level thereafter. Some of the other constituents changed to a smaller extent, usually increasing in the later stages of the migration. This was especially noticeable in female fish. However, the increase in the concentration of these constituents in the muscle was due to a decrease in the amount of muscle in the fish rather than to an increase in the amounts of the compounds themselves.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance Development in Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton against Different Insecticides

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaryab Khalid ◽  
Sohail Ahmed ◽  
Ibrahim Al-ashkar ◽  
Ayman EL Sabagh ◽  
Liyun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Selection For ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Cotton is a major crop of Pakistan, and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of cotton. Due to the unwise and indiscriminate use of insecticides, resistance develops more readily in the whitefly. The present study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in the whitefly against the different insecticides that are still in use. For this purpose, the whitefly population was selected with five concentrations of each insecticide, for five generations. At G1, compared with the laboratory susceptible population, a very low level of resistance was observed against bifenthrin, cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, chlorfenapyr, and buprofezin with a resistance ratio of 3-fold, 2-fold, 1-fold, 4-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. However, the selection for five generations increased the resistance to a very high level against buprofezin (127-fold), and to a high level against imidacloprid (86-fold) compared with the laboratory susceptible population. While, a moderate level of resistance was observed against cypermethrin (34-fold), thiamethoxam (34-fold), nitenpyram (30-fold), chlorfenapyr (29-fold), and acetamiprid (21-fold). On the other hand, the resistance was low against bifenthrin (18-fold) after selection for five generations. A very low level of resistance against the field population of B. tabaci, at G1, showed that these insecticides are still effective, and thus can be used under the field conditions for the management of B. tabaci. However, the proper rotation of insecticides among different groups can help to reduce the development of resistance against insecticides.

scholarly journals The Interdecadal Variations and Causes of the Relationship Between Autumn Precipitation Anomalies in Eastern China and SSTA Over the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Huo ◽  
Zhaoyong Guan ◽  
Dachao Jin ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Xudong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies ◽  
Precipitation Anomalies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean

Abstract Eastern China has a large population with rapid development of the economy, where is the important crop producing region. In this region, the spatial and temporal distribution of autumn rainfall in Eastern China is uneven, which has important societal impact. Using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and other observational datasets, it is found that the spatial distribution of the first EOF mode of autumn rainfall anomalies in eastern China is consistent across the region, with significant interannual variabilities. Pronounced interdecadal variations are presented in the relationship between autumn rainfall anomalies in eastern China and sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) over the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO). The interdecadal changes have been analyzed by considering two epochs: one during 1979-2004 and the other during 2005-2019. It shows weak and insignificant correlations between the autumn rainfall anomalies in eastern China and SSTA over SETIO during the first epoch. On the other hand, they are remarkable and positively correlated with each other during the second epoch. The inter-decadal changes of the above relationship are related to the warming of SST over SETIO during the second epoch. It causes stronger low-level convergence and ascending motion over SETIO, with the co-occurrence of enhanced western Pacific subtropical high and anomalous abundant moisture over eastern China carried by a low-level southerly anomaly originating from the South China Sea. Simultaneously, the local Hadley circulation over eastern China becomes weak, corresponding to the anomalous ascending motion. The collaboration of anomalous water vapour transport and ascending motion strengthens the connection between the SETIO SSTA and the autumn precipitation anomalies in eastern China, and vice versa. In the boreal autumn of 2019, entire eastern China suffered extreme drought. It suggests that this drought event in eastern China is strongly affected by the negative SSTA over SETIO, which is consistent with the statistical results.

scholarly journals Does Activating Cultural Schemata Facilitate EFL Learners' Listening Comprehension?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-260
Author(s):  
Soheil Mahmoudi
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cultural Schemata ◽  
Audio Files ◽  
Iranian Students

This study tried to find the possible relationship between listeners' cultural schemata and its activation and their performance in EFL listening comprehension. The participants of this study were two groups of 37 Muslim Iranian students. Firstly, the students were divided into two groups of high and low proficiency. Then, they were exposed to two audio files, one about mosques and the other about cathedrals. In one of the classes the recording about the cathedrals was played first, but in the other the order was reversed. The collected data were inputted into the SPSS program. The null hypothesis of the study was whether listening to a culturally unfamiliar topic (cathedrals) can activate low-level learners’ schema of the culturally familiar topic (mosques). The hypothesis of the study was accepted implying that an unfamiliar text, even if it is conceptually similar, cannot activate a culturally familiar schema in the low-level students. This study has pedagogical implications for teaching listening comprehension.

scholarly journals When regularization gets it wrong: children over-simplify language input only in production

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1054-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica F. SCHWAB ◽  
Casey LEW-WILLIAMS ◽  
Adele E. GOLDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Artificial Languages ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Unpredictable Variation

AbstractChildren tend to regularize their productions when exposed to artificial languages, an advantageous response to unpredictable variation. But generalizations in natural languages are typically conditioned by factors that children ultimately learn. In two experiments, adult and six-year-old learners witnessed two novel classifiers, probabilistically conditioned by semantics. Whereas adults displayed high accuracy in their productions – applying the semantic criteria to familiar and novel items – children were oblivious to the semantic conditioning. Instead, children regularized their productions, over-relying on only one classifier. However, in a two-alternative forced-choice task, children's performance revealed greater respect for the system's complexity: they selected both classifiers equally, without bias toward one or the other, and displayed better accuracy on familiar items. Given that natural languages are conditioned by multiple factors that children successfully learn, we suggest that their tendency to simplify in production stems from retrieval difficulty when a complex system has not yet been fully learned.

“A Particularly Serious Crime”

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-184
Author(s):  
Elliott Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Home Country ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
President Obama ◽  
Felony Conviction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Serious Crime ◽  
The One ◽  
Radical Shift

Machado was just five years old in 1990 when she was brought to the United States by her mother, who was desperate to escape the civil war raging in their home country of El Salvador; she wanted a better life for her two young daughters. In 2015, she was picked up in a traffic stop in Arkansas which triggered her deportation based on a felony conviction from a decade earlier. Machado’s story reveals a radical shift that had been happening since the mid-1990s. Unprecedented numbers of immigrants were being caught in a system that penalized people with mandatory deportations for relatively low-level crimes. Machado does not fit easily into the Manichean distinction made by President Obama in 2014 between “felons” on the one hand and “families” on the other. Machado, like so many others, is both.

MONISMO PREDICAZIONALE SUI LIMITI DI UN’INTERPRETAZIONE EPISTEMOLOGICA DELL’ELEATISMO

Méthexis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-33
Author(s):  
MASSIMO PULPITO
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
The One

Today, the field of Parmenidean studies is still divided over the fundamental question of the correct exegesis of the verb 'to be' in the poem On Nature. The two principal interpretative lines supported by scholars are, on the one hand, the traditional view that understands the verb ‘to be’ in its existential sense and, on the other, the one that arose in the 20th century that focuses on its predicative sense. This paper examines the latest and most ambitious attempt to interpret the thought of Parmenides and the profound influence that he had on pluralist philosophers, starting from a purely predicative approach. It is an epistemological interpretation of the Eleaticism proposed by Patricia Curd, centred on the notion of ‘predicational monism’, which has the unquestionable merit to place Parmenides within the pre-Socratic naturalistic debate but that, after a careful analysis, fails to convince. In fact, this interpretation, which certainly appears to be one of the most articulate and intelligent proposals of recent years, raises a series of exegetical and argumentative problems that do not seem possible to resolve without exiting the predicative horizon.

Consumer Protection in Online Shopping

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-225
Author(s):  
Emre Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internet Shopping ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Debit Cards ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The main purposes of this research are (1) to reveal the virtual credit card (VCC) awareness of online shoppers and (2) to prepare a to do list for managers and relevant institutions to provide a more secured internet shopping process by enhancing the trust perception of consumers. To this end, a structured questionnaire consists of three sections was designed and conducted during the period April-May 2018 in Turkey. The findings achieved show that online shoppers mostly attach importance to the recognition of the website, which means they seek trust in online shopping process. On the other hand, they mostly use credit and debit cards, which may make consumers encounter serious fraud issues. VCC usage is only 4.9% in general although VCC awareness is 55.1%. This low level of VCC awareness is associated with education level and the information provided by the financial banks.

Kto Kovo? The Present Danger, as Seen From Moscow

Worldview ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Walter C. Clemens
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Question ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Zero Sum

Kto kovo? according to Lenin, is the fundamental question of politics. "Who's going to do in whom?" Lenin and others plotting against the czar came steadily to this zero-sum conception of politics. One side or the other could win—not both. Though Americans tend to expect a harmony of interests among nations, the zero-sum conception also exists in this country; it is, in fact, a prominent factor in the ongoing debate about Soviet strategic objectives and capabilities—for instance, in statements by the Committee on the Present Danger.

scholarly journals NONCONGLOMERABILITY FOR COUNTABLY ADDITIVE MEASURES THAT ARE NOT κ-ADDITIVE

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK J. SCHERVISH ◽  
TEDDY SEIDENFELD ◽  
JOSEPH B. KADANE
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Inaccessible Cardinal ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Uncountable Cardinal ◽  
Additive Probability ◽  
De Finetti ◽  
Additive Measures

AbstractLet κ be an uncountable cardinal. Using the theory of conditional probability associated with de Finetti (1974) and Dubins (1975), subject to several structural assumptions for creating sufficiently many measurable sets, and assuming that κ is not a weakly inaccessible cardinal, we show that each probability that is not κ-additive has conditional probabilities that fail to be conglomerable in a partition of cardinality no greater than κ. This generalizes a result of Schervish, Seidenfeld, & Kadane (1984), which established that each finite but not countably additive probability has conditional probabilities that fail to be conglomerable in some countable partition.

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