Measuring Age-Related Differences in Using a Simple Decision Strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger F. Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Recognition Heuristic ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge

Abstract. According to the recognition heuristic, decision makers base their inferences on recognition alone, assuming that recognized objects have larger criterion values than unrecognized ones. Knowing that recognition is a valid cue and thus using the recognition heuristic should increase with age. This was tested in two experiments with preadolescents (N = 140), adolescents (N = 186), and adults (N = 78). The results show, as expected, a monotonic age-related trend in the improvement of domain-specific knowledge but, unexpectedly, a non-monotonic one for using the recognition heuristic. More specifically, use of the recognition heuristic increased from preadolescents to adolescents, but then dropped for adults.

Acquiring and Maintaining Expertise in Aging Populations

2018 ◽  
pp. 1057-1084
Author(s):  
Dan Morrow ◽  
Renato F. L. Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Knowledge Change ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Function

This chapter reviews literature related to relationships between expertise and aging. It first considers how experts excel on domain-relevant tasks despite cognitive limitations and how these expertise-related advantages develop, which suggest ways in which adults can offset age-related cognitive constraints to maintain performance in later years. The chapter then reviews studies that examine two issues about how expertise influences performance as we age. First, to what extent high-level experts can retain superior levels of performance as they age, an issue often addressed in fairly narrow domains such as games, sports, and music. A second, broader issue concerns whether the benefits or costs associated with domain-general as well as domain-specific knowledge change with age. This second issue is central to lifespan theory: To what extent does knowledge and skill associated with experience offset age-related declines in abilities and function.

scholarly journals Sound credit scores and financial decisions despite cognitive aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Li ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
A. Zeynep Enkavi ◽  
Lisa Zaval ◽  
Elke U. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Decision Quality ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge

Age-related deterioration in cognitive ability may compromise the ability of older adults to make major financial decisions. We explore whether knowledge and expertise accumulated from past decisions can offset cognitive decline to maintain decision quality over the life span. Using a unique dataset that combines measures of cognitive ability (fluid intelligence) and of general and domain-specific knowledge (crystallized intelligence), credit report data, and other measures of decision quality, we show that domain-specific knowledge and expertise provide an alternative route for sound financial decisions. That is, cognitive aging does not spell doom for financial decision-making in domains where the decision maker has developed expertise. These results have important implications for public policy and for the design of effective interventions and decision aids.

‘I’m an expert in me and I know what I can cope with’: Patient expertise in rheumatoid arthritis

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Sanderson ◽  
Jo Angouri
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Patient Expertise ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
The Uk

The active involvement of patients in decision-making and the focus on patient expertise in managing chronic illness constitutes a priority in many healthcare systems including the NHS in the UK. With easier access to health information, patients are almost expected to be (or present self) as an ‘expert patient’ (Ziebland 2004). This paper draws on the meta-analysis of interview data collected for identifying treatment outcomes important to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Taking a discourse approach to identity, the discussion focuses on the resources used in the negotiation and co-construction of expert identities, including domain-specific knowledge, access to institutional resources, and ability to self-manage. The analysis shows that expertise is both projected (institutionally sanctioned) and claimed by the patient (self-defined). We close the paper by highlighting the limitations of our pilot study and suggest avenues for further research.

Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Caramazza ◽  
Jennifer R. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Framework ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Neuropsychological ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selective Impairment

We claim that the animate and inanimate conceptual categories represent evolutionarily adapted domain-specific knowledge systems that are subserved by distinct neural mechanisms, thereby allowing for their selective impairment in conditions of brain damage. On this view, (some of) the category-specific deficits that have recently been reported in the cognitive neuropsychological literature—for example, the selective damage or sparing of knowledge about animals—are truly categorical effects. Here, we articulate and defend this thesis against the dominant, reductionist theory of category-specific deficits, which holds that the categorical nature of the deficits is the result of selective damage to noncategorically organized visual or functional semantic subsystems. On the latter view, the sensory/functional dimension provides the fundamental organizing principle of the semantic system. Since, according to the latter theory, sensory and functional properties are differentially important in determining the meaning of the members of different semantic categories, selective damage to the visual or the functional semantic subsystem will result in a category-like deficit. A review of the literature and the results of a new case of category-specific deficit will show that the domain-specific knowledge framework provides a better account of category-specific deficits than the sensory/functional dichotomy theory.

scholarly journals Toward Knowledge Management for Smart Manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaw C. Feng ◽  
William Z. Bernstein ◽  
Thomas Hedberg ◽  
Allison Barnard Feeney
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Process Planning ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Objects ◽  
Planning Production

The need for capturing knowledge in the digital form in design, process planning, production, and inspection has increasingly become an issue in manufacturing industries as the variety and complexity of product lifecycle applications increase. Both knowledge and data need to be well managed for quality assurance, lifecycle impact assessment, and design improvement. Some technical barriers exist today that inhibit industry from fully utilizing design, planning, processing, and inspection knowledge. The primary barrier is a lack of a well-accepted mechanism that enables users to integrate data and knowledge. This paper prescribes knowledge management to address a lack of mechanisms for integrating, sharing, and updating domain-specific knowledge in smart manufacturing (SM). Aspects of the knowledge constructs include conceptual design, detailed design, process planning, material property, production, and inspection. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a methodology on what knowledge manufacturing organizations access, update, and archive in the context of SM. The case study in this paper provides some example knowledge objects to enable SM.

scholarly journals Cross-Fertilizing Deep Web Analysis and Ontology Enrichment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilena Oita ◽  
Antoine Amarilli ◽  
Pierre Senellart
Keyword(s):  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Deep Web ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
Web Crawlers ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Impact

Deep Web databases, whose content is presented as dynamically-generated Web pages hidden behind forms, have mostly been left unindexed by search engine crawlers. In order to automatically explore this mass of information, many current techniques assume the existence of domain knowledge, which is costly to create and maintain. In this article, we present a new perspective on form understanding and deep Web data acquisition that does not require any domain-specific knowledge. Unlike previous approaches, we do not perform the various steps in the process (e.g., form understanding, record identification, attribute labeling) independently but integrate them to achieve a more complete understanding of deep Web sources. Through information extraction techniques and using the form itself for validation, we reconcile input and output schemas in a labeled graph which is further aligned with a generic ontology. The impact of this alignment is threefold: first, the resulting semantic infrastructure associated with the form can assist Web crawlers when probing the form for content indexing; second, attributes of response pages are labeled by matching known ontology instances, and relations between attributes are uncovered; and third, we enrich the generic ontology with facts from the deep Web.

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