scholarly journals Interlocking of heterogeneous plate coupling and aftershock area expansion pattern for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Mw9 earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Tajima ◽  
Brian L. N. Kennett
Keyword(s):  
Aftershock Area ◽  
Expansion Pattern ◽  
Plate Coupling ◽  
Area Expansion ◽  
Heterogeneous Plate

A review of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0): Large-scale rupture across heterogeneous plate coupling

2013 ◽  
Vol 586 ◽  
pp. 15-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Tajima ◽  
Jim Mori ◽  
Brian L.N. Kennett
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Plate Coupling ◽  
Heterogeneous Plate

scholarly journals Aftershock area expansion and mechanical heterogeneity of fault zone within subduction zones

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Tajima ◽  
Hiroo Kanamori
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Mechanical Heterogeneity ◽  
Aftershock Area ◽  
Area Expansion

Global survey of aftershock area expansion patterns

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Tajima ◽  
Hiroo Kanamori
Keyword(s):  
Global Survey ◽  
Aftershock Area ◽  
Area Expansion

Ice-free area expansion compounds the non-native species threat to Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Duffy ◽  
Jasmine R Lee
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Species Establishment ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Terrestrial Biodiversity ◽  
A Site ◽  
Area Expansion ◽  
Free Area

Warming across ice-covered regions will result in changes to both the physical and climatic environment, revealing new ice-free habitat and new climatically suitable habitats for non-native species establishment. Recent studies have independently quantified each of these aspects in Antarctica, where ice-free areas form crucial habitat for the majority of terrestrial biodiversity. Here we synthesise projections of Antarctic ice-free area expansion, recent spatial predictions of non-native species risk, and the frequency of human activities to quantify how these facets of anthropogenic change may interact now and in the future. Under a high-emissions future climate scenario, over a quarter of ice-free area and over 80 % of the ~14 thousand km2 of newly uncovered ice-free area could be vulnerable to invasion by one or more of the modelled non-native species by the end of the century. Ice-free areas identified as vulnerable to non-native species establishment were significantly closer to human activity than unsuitable areas were. Furthermore, almost half of the new vulnerable ice-free area is within 20 km of a site of current human activity. The Antarctic Peninsula, where human activity is heavily concentrated, will be at particular risk. The implications of this for conservation values of Antarctica and the management efforts required to mitigate against it are in need of urgent consideration.

The Anatomical and Biomechanical Superiority of Novel Posterior En Bloc Elevation Cervical Laminoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 155335062098465
Author(s):  
Dong-Lai Wang ◽  
Guo-Qing Zhu ◽  
An-Quan Huang ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Chuan Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Cervical Laminoplasty ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Lateral Bending ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Expansion Pattern ◽  
Intact Condition ◽  
Axial Symptoms ◽  
The Common

Objectives. In this study, we performed a novel type of posterior en bloc elevation cervical laminoplasty (PEEL) to keep the integrity of the posterior structure, aiming to reduce axial symptoms complicated by a conventional cervical laminoplasty procedure. Methods. Twelve human cervical cadaveric spines (C2-T1) were sequentially tested in the following order: intact condition, open-door laminoplasty (ODL) through bilateral intermuscular approach (mini-invasive ODL), PEEL, and laminectomy (LN). After bilateral transecting at the junction of lamina and lateral mass through the tubular retraction system, the PEEL procedure symmetrically elevated all the posterior structure which was further stabilized with bone grafts and titanium plates. Computed tomography (CT) scan and biomechanical testing were performed after each condition. Results. Both mini-invasive ODL and PEEL procedures were accomplished with 2 small incisions on each side. Two types of laminoplasties could enlarge the spinal canal significantly both in cross-sectional area and anteroposterior diameter comparing with intact condition. The PEEL procedure demonstrated a significantly higher enlargement rate on a canal area and a symmetrical expansion pattern. Compared with intact condition, mini-invasive ODL performed from C3-C7 demonstrated significantly decreased motion in all testing directions except the flexion range of motion (ROM); the PEEL procedure showed mild and insignificant decrease on ROM in all directions. Laminectomy resulted in a statistically significant increase in all directions except the lateral bending ROM. Conclusions. Posterior en bloc elevation cervical laminoplasty can enlarge the canal more effectively and preserve better ROM after operation than the ODL procedure. Although technically challenging, the PEEL procedure probably would decrease the common complications associated with ODL laminoplasty.

scholarly journals Responses of Rice Growth to Day and Night Temperature and Relative Air Humidity—Leaf Elongation and Assimilation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Sabine Stuerz ◽  
Folkard Asch
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Leaf Area Expansion ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Area Expansion

Predictions of future crop growth and yield under a changing climate require a precise knowledge of plant responses to their environment. Since leaf growth increases the photosynthesizing area of the plant, it occupies a central position during the vegetative phase. Rice is cultivated in diverse ecological zones largely differing in temperature and relative air humidity (RH). To investigate the effects of temperature and RH during day and night on leaf growth, one variety (IR64) was grown in a growth chamber using 9 day/night regimes around the same mean temperature and RH, which were combinations of 3 temperature treatments (30/20 °C, 25/25 °C, 20/30 °C day/night temperature) and 3 RH treatments (40/90%, 65/65%, 90/40% day/night RH). Day/night leaf elongation rates (LER) were measured and compared to leaf gas exchange measurements and leaf area expansion on the plant level. While daytime LER was mainly temperature-dependent, nighttime LER was equally affected by temperature and RH and closely correlated with leaf area expansion at the plant level. We hypothesize that the same parameters increasing LER during the night also enhance leaf area expansion via shifts in partitioning to larger and thinner leaves. Further, base temperatures estimated from LERs varied with RH, emphasizing the need to take RH into consideration when modeling crop growth in response to temperature.

scholarly journals Plate Coupling Mechanism of the Central Andes Subduction: Insight from Gravity Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Rezene Mahatsente
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Continental Crust ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
High Density ◽  
Seismic Gap ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Crust And Upper Mantle ◽  
Velocity Models ◽  
Plate Coupling

Abstract The Central Andes experienced major earthquake (Mw =8.2) in April 2014 in a region where the giant 1877 earthquake (Mw=8.8) occurred. The 2014 Iquique earthquake did not break the entire seismic gap zones as previously predicted. Geodetic and seismological observations indicate a highly coupled plate interface. To assess the locking mechanism of plate interfaces beneath Central Andes, a 2.5-D gravity model of the crust and upper mantle structure of the central segment of the subduction zone was developed based on terrestrial and satellite gravity data from the LAGEOS, GRACE and GOCE satellite missions. The densities and major structures of the gravity model are constrained by velocity models from receiver function and seismic tomography. The gravity model defined details of crustal and slab structure necessary to understand the cause of megathrust asperity generation. The densities of the upper and lower crust in the fore-arc (2970 – 3000 kg m−3) are much higher than the average density of continental crust. The high density bodies are interpreted as plutonic or ophiolitic structures emplaced onto continental crust. The plutonic or ophiolitic structures may be exerting pressure on the Nazca slab and lock the plate interfaces beneath the Central Andes subduction zone. Thus, normal pressure exerted by high density fore-arc structures and buoyancy force may control plate coupling in the Central Andes. However, this interpretation does not exclude other possible factors controlling plate coupling in the Central Andes. Seafloor roughness and variations in pore-fluid pressure in sediments along subduction channel can affect plate coupling and asperity generation.

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