Stimulus-reinforcer interactions in the pigeon: The role of electric shock and the avoidance contingency.

Author(s):  
Donald D. Foree ◽  
Vincent M. LoLordo
2015 ◽  
Vol 9s1 ◽  
pp. JEN.S32735
Author(s):  
Darryl J. Mayeaux ◽  
Sarah M. Tandle ◽  
Sean M. Cilano ◽  
Matthew J. Fitzharris

In animal models of depression, depression is defined as performance on a learning task. That task is typically escaping a mild electric shock in a shuttle cage by moving from one side of the cage to the other. Ovarian hormones influence learning in other kinds of tasks, and these hormones are associated with depressive symptoms in humans. The role of these hormones in shuttle-cage escape learning, however, is less clear. This study manipulated estradiol and progesterone in ovariectomized female rats to examine their performance in shuttle-cage escape learning without intentionally inducing a depressive-like state. Progesterone, not estradiol, within four hours of testing affected latencies to escape. The improvement produced by progesterone was in the decision to act, not in the speed of learning or speed of escaping. This parallels depression in humans in that depressed people are slower in volition, in their decisions to take action.


1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V. Cross ◽  
Bernard Tursky ◽  
Milton Lodge

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Ahmed ◽  
Peter F Lovibond

Two experiments explored the role of verbalisable rules in generalisation of human differential fear conditioning with electric shock as the aversive stimulus. Two circles of different sizes served as conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS–), before testing with a range of circle sizes. In Experiment 1, shock expectancy ratings followed a peak-shifted unimodal gradient, with maximum ratings at a test value further along the dimension from CS+ in the opposite direction to CS–. However, differentiable gradients were observed when participants were divided on the basis of the rules they reported using during the task (linear and similarity). Experiment 2 was designed to counter the contradictory feedback arising from extinction testing by removing the shock electrodes during the test phase. A more linear overall gradient was observed, and sub-groups defined by self-reported rules showed distinct gradients that were congruent with their rules. These results indicate that rule-based processes are influential in generalisation of conditioned fear along simple stimulus dimensions, and may help explain generalisation phenomena that have traditionally been attributed to automatic, similarity-based processes.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jirhanuddin Jirhanuddin ◽  
Jelita Jelita ◽  
Ahmad Habibie

Electric shock activity is an activity of an electric discharge into the water to look for fish using a stun. This activity is a way to sustain the local economy of the challenges existing conditions. Because of some reasons such as easy, effective and efficient this way is still used. Another reason this way is still used is because of economic necessity, small capital, and another effort is difficult to do.Even in preserving the environment, the Local Government who has authority in this case issued a regional regulation. Moving on from these problems, the writer wants to know the important role of the Electric shock activity at RT 01 Mendawai Seberang as the foundation to sustain the local economy as well as its impact, with the problem of the studies are (1) How does the Electric shock activity at RT 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bun? (2) How is the role of culture in Electric shock activity on maintaining the local economy at RT 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bun? (3)What is the impact of Electric shock activity for ecosystems and humans? This research is using qualitative descriptive approach. The subjects of this research are people who live in RT 01 Mendawai as the fisherman who use stun to look for fish. The object of this research is the culture of Electric shock activity in maintaining the local economy RT 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bun. The techniques used in data collection are observation, interview and documentation. In the technical validity of the data, the researcher was used a triangulation process.             The results from the culture of electric shockonmaintaining economic society at the RT. 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bunis an activity that has long been done and the result of cultural transformation that has been handed ancestors.This activity is one way to sustain the local economy of the challenges existing conditions. Using a stun for fishing has several factors because it is easy, effective and efficient.Economicnecessity, the capital required is not too large, another effort is difficult to do, and the domicile is the reason behind this culture is still being conducted until today. The impact of electric shock toward the ecosystem of fish just a little bit because it is not spent the ecosystem of fish. Only a small portion is taken for the purposes of trade. Whereas the impact on the fishermanthemselves the possibility exists, if its application is not appropriate and not in accordance with the existing procedures could harm the fishermanthemselves.Electric shock activity is an activity of an electric discharge into the water to look for fish using a stun. This activity is a way to sustain the local economy of the challenges existing conditions. Because of some reasons such as easy, effective and efficient this way is still used. Another reason this way is still used is because of economic necessity, small capital, and another effort is difficult to do.Even in preserving the environment, the Local Government who has authority in this case issued a regional regulation. Moving on from these problems, the writer wants to know the important role of the Electric shock activity at RT 01 Mendawai Seberang as the foundation to sustain the local economy as well as its impact, with the problem of the studies are (1) How does the Electric shock activity at RT 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bun? (2) How is the role of culture in Electric shock activity on maintaining the local economy at RT 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bun? (3)What is the impact of Electric shock activity for ecosystems and humans?                This research is using qualitative descriptive approach. The subjects of this research are people who live in RT 01 Mendawai as the fisherman who use stun to look for fish. The object of this research is the culture of Electric shock activity in maintaining the local economy RT 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bun. The techniques used in data collection are observation, interview and documentation. In the technical validity of the data, the researcher was used a triangulation process.             The results from the culture of electric shockonmaintaining economic society at the RT. 01 Mendawai Seberang Pangkalan Bunis an activity that has long been done and the result of cultural transformation that has been handed ancestors.This activity is one way to sustain the local economy of the challenges existing conditions. Using a stun for fishing has several factors because it is easy, effective and efficient.Economicnecessity, the capital required is not too large, another effort is difficult to do, and the domicile is the reason behind this culture is still being conducted until today. The impact of electric shock toward the ecosystem of fish just a little bit because it is not spent the ecosystem of fish. Only a small portion is taken for the purposes of trade. Whereas the impact on the fishermanthemselves the possibility exists, if its application is not appropriate and not in accordance with the existing procedures could harm the fishermanthemselves.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 927-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Doliński ◽  
Tomasz Grzyb ◽  
Michał Folwarczny ◽  
Patrycja Grzybała ◽  
Karolina Krzyszycha ◽  
...  

In spite of the over 50 years which have passed since the original experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram on obedience, these experiments are still considered a turning point in our thinking about the role of the situation in human behavior. While ethical considerations prevent a full replication of the experiments from being prepared, a certain picture of the level of obedience of participants can be drawn using the procedure proposed by Burger. In our experiment, we have expanded it by controlling for the sex of participants and of the learner. The results achieved show a level of participants’ obedience toward instructions similarly high to that of the original Milgram studies. Results regarding the influence of the sex of participants and of the “learner,” as well as of personality characteristics, do not allow us to unequivocally accept or reject the hypotheses offered.


2008 ◽  
Vol 97 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 461-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihui Li ◽  
Viatcheslav Gurev ◽  
Andrew D. McCulloch ◽  
Natalia A. Trayanova

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
A. I. Sidorov

The analysis of long-term own and literature data on electrical injuries was carried out and the role of statistics in improving the electrical safety was described. The need for new electrocution investigation was substantiated. Schemes for connecting a person to an electric shock circuit for electrical networks with different neutral modes were presented; three new options have been added. For each new case, analytical expressions were given for finding the the current flowing through the human body when the electrocution occurs. It is necessary to monitor electrical injuries, approve guidelines for investigating electrocutions and implement the method for determining the current flowing through the human body during the accident. 


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