E-Commerce Taxation Paradigms in Georgia

Taxation of e-commerce is one of the most serious problems for the civilized world, including our country. The digital industry has put the country’s tax space in a post facto position, threatening the country’s fiscal sovereignty and the efficient functioning of the tax system. It is no longer an illusion that e-commerce opens a new era in taxation. The phenomenon of «borderless» – e-commerce seems to challenge the tax system adapted to it. Understanding the problem for this purpose is both an economic, social and political-economic necessity.

A SHIFTIN TRADITIONAL WISDOM OF SEMENDE TRIBE IN PULAU PANGGUNG TANGGAMUS

The traditional wisdom of tunggu tubang has shifted due to economic needs, lack of agricultural land, job mobility, marriage with other than Semende tribe, which impacts the rights fulfilling and obligations of tunggu tubang. However, this shift has been responded to by innovations so that this traditional wisdom persisted. This research is to describe innovations in maintaining the traditional wisdom. This research uses descriptive quantitative method with 40 randomly chosen respondents. Data were taken from interviews using a questionnaire, and interviews with key informants. The data were analyzed quantitatively with frequency tables, given the meaning with the structural functional approach of Talcott Parson, that traditional wisdom still functions when able to adapt, goal attainment, integration, latent maintenance. The results showed: 92.5% tunggu tubang to get rights to houses, gardens, fields and carrying out their obligations, but 7.5% without these rights (tepang bangkang) so they cannot carry out their obligations, namely occupying an inheritance house, taking care of their parents and their younger siblings. Tunggu tubang property sold out.This violation is tolerated because of economic necessity. But tepang bangkang still the decision maker in the family and can give the right for the next tunggu tubang. If tunggu tubang married to someone other than Semende tribe, her husband follows it.If working outside the city, rights are still given while obligations are carried out indirectly. This adaptation makes the traditional wisdom survive, be the goal of life, carries out the function of integration, but the function of pattern maintenance is getting weaker.

Dynamics of Cultural Value of Non-Pastoral Activities among the Daasanach in East Africa

Many studies have focused on livelihood diversification among pastoral people in East Africa. The central theme of research on livelihood diversification is to clarify the economic background, contribution and consequences of non-pastoral activities for each household. However, pastoralists diversify their livelihoods not only out of economic necessity, but also by considering the cultural value and social relations, and the diversification process itself might change the value and relations. In this paper, by analysing various economic and socio-cultural contexts, including the opening of commercial farms, I examine how Daasanach youth legitimise their choice to enter into fishing activities that have negative connotations in their cultural value, and how other people view their choice.

‘Weird and fantastic realism’: Science and Stories in the Work of Grant Allen

Grant Allen (1848-1899) was a well-known populariser of natural history who was widely recognised for his extensive knowledge of science and his ability to refashion complex ideas for general audiences. But his status as a popular writer, coupled with a lack of formal training, placed him at the margins of professional science and impeded his serious scientific ambitions. Although Allen tended to portray fiction-writing as an economic necessity, both contemporary and recent critics have noted stylistic innovations that place him within germinal popular genres of the fin de siècle. This paper aims to show that Allen’s contributions to late-Victorian popular literature derive in part from his negotiation of fiction and non-fiction genres. Focusing particularly on his experiments with the short story, it considers how and to what extent he distinguished scientific from literary writing, while revealing his views on plausibility in fiction to be more complex than is typically recognised. Little-studied reviews of Allen’s popular fiction suggest the wider contemporary impact of his experimentations. That critics recognised his style as unconventional endorses a reappraisal of his place within developments in late-Victorian popular literature.

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PEMUTUSAN HUBUNGAN KERJA PEKERJA DI SEKTOR FORMAL BERDASARKAN KEADAAN MEMAKSA PANDEMI COVID-19

The business world everywhere including those in Indonesia cannot but felt the brunt of economic slowdown caused by the public health emergency (the COVID 19 pandemic). Quite a few national and local businesses have had to close their operation and lay off all its employees. Although the consensus between the government, workers (individuals and unions) as well as employers is to prevent and avoid termination of employment at all costs, the Law No. 11 of 2020, re. Job Creation allows massive dismissal of employees due to economic necessity or state of emergency. This article shall critically examine how the prevailing law, Law No. 11 of 2020 re. Job Creation regulates termination of employment in case of state of emergency.

Current Conceptual Problems of the Russian Agrarian-Industrial Complex Digitalization in the Globalization Content

The modern global economy is becoming more digital, and at great speed, intensity, and scale. Its international universal ‘language’ is information technology. Only this ‘language’ is objectively possible to ‘understand’, to interact concerning isolated, national reproductions taking place in many states. It is the need for this understanding, as well as for its practical use, that act as the criteria reasons for digitalization of the national economy of Russia as a whole, and its organic component - the agro-industrial complex. Another reason, is the economic necessity of the above-mentioned phenomenon, which allows receiving, store and transmit information about counterparties, tariffs and make contracts, make fuller use of limited resources, and in the best way satisfy both production and personal needs of various subjects in real-time [1]. The article reveals the content of the modern stage of the Russian agro-industrial complex digitalization in its integrity and specificity

EVALUATING ENTREPRENEURS’ MOTIVES FOR PARTICIPATING IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN EUROPE

Informal entrepreneurs have been viewed variously as reluctant participants in such endeavors doing so out of economic necessity because of their exclusion from formal work and welfare (structuralist theory), or as willing entrepreneurs who voluntarily exit the formal economy either as a rational economic decision (neo-liberal theory) or as social actors who do not agree with the formal rules and regulations of the state (neo-institutional theory). The aim of this paper is to evaluate these competing theorizations of entrepreneurs’ motives for participating in the informal sector. Reporting evidence from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey involving 27,565 face-to-face interviews in 28 European countries, the finding is that five percent are reluctant participants, twenty percent are willing participants doing so as a rational economic decision, 21 percent are willing participants doing so because of their disagreement with the rules and 54 percent do so for a mixture of these motives. A logistic regression analysis reveals who is more likely to engage in informal entrepreneurship and who is significantly more likely to do so for each motive. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.

Economic necessity and political reality in the GDR: Establishing an overseas port at Rostock

Opened in April 1960, the overseas port at Rostock resulted from a convergence of factors related to geopolitics, geography, economics and the unique needs and challenges of building a socialist port. Local, national and global pressures played on each other in establishing the port, making Rostock a singular product of the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic. The history of decision-making that went into the building of the port demonstrates the importance of politics in the Cold War, as well as its limits. Although informed by geopolitics, economic decisions in Europe’s socialist economies reflected a broad array of factors. This article argues that national and local decision-makers managed competing regional and national interests in order to develop their own economic strategies that functioned on several different levels. Rostock’s history highlights the common problematic of operating within and outside of the boundaries that the Cold War produced.