Supplemental Material for Is Body Dissatisfaction Changing Across Time? A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

Verbal denigration of personal body size and shape (“fat talk”) and engagement in social comparison has been linked to the development of body dissatisfaction and eating disordered behaviour. A key question is whether the relationship between these two predictors is additive or multiplicative, as the latter relationship would imply a far more serious impact on body dissatisfaction. A previous report has suggested a multiplicative relationship, and in two separate studies we replicated this study. In each study, female participants filled in fat talk, social comparison and body dissatisfaction measures. In the first study, 189 UK participants took part and in the second study, 371 US participants took part. Both studies found significant correlations between all three measures but no interaction effect, consistent with an additive not a multiplicative relationship. In a further test, we used a mini meta-analysis to combine the results of the two studies reported here with the results of the original study. Again, we found no evidence of an interaction. In conclusion, these studies show an additive relationship between fat talk and social comparison, suggesting their impact on body image is serious but not as serious as previously reported.

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Association between overweight/obesity with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2020.1823813 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Maedeh Moradi ◽

Hadis Mozaffari ◽

Mohammadreza Askari ◽

Leila Azadbakht

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Self Esteem

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Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

International Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1002/eat.23568 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adrian Paterna ◽

Manuel Alcaraz‐Ibáñez ◽

Matthew Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz ◽

Álvaro Sicilia

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Body Shape ◽

Meta Analysis

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Gender, sexual orientation and body dissatisfaction: a meta-analysis covering four decades of research

10.31234/osf.io/5hdkr ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monica Huerga Malillos ◽

Elena Theofanous ◽

Keith R. Laws ◽

Paul Jenkinson

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Gay Men ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Future Research ◽

Heterosexual Men ◽

Pairwise Comparisons ◽

Lesbian Women ◽

Heterosexual Women ◽

Meta Analyses

Background: Four decades of research has assessed how gender and/or sexual orientation contribute to levels of body dissatisfaction (BD). The findings have proven somewhat equivocal and little attention has been paid to potential moderators. Method: The current meta-analysis compared BD in gay and heterosexual men (38 overall effects), and lesbian and heterosexual women (25 overall effects). Additional pairwise comparisons explored differences between heterosexual men and heterosexual women, gay men and lesbians, gay men and heterosexual women, and heterosexual men and lesbian women. Results: Random effects model meta-analyses revealed greater levels of BD in gay men compared to heterosexual men (g = -0.36, 95% CI -0.43, -0.29). By contrast, BD was greater in heterosexual women than lesbians (g = 0.09 95% CI 0.03, 0.15). Year of publication and mean difference in age between gay and heterosexual samples moderated the relationship between BD and sexual orientation, but only for men. Pairwise comparisons indicated that BD is highest in heterosexual women and lowest in heterosexual men.Conclusions: Findings indicate that both gender and sexual orientation influence BD. We identified a number of limitations in the existing research base, and make recommendations for future research.

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Gender Differences in Body Image Are Increasing

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/1467-9280.00036 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 190-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 280

Author(s):

Alan Feingold ◽

Ronald Mazzella

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Image ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Physical Attractiveness ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

The Past ◽

Poor Body Image

It has been speculated that the prevalence of eating disorders in women has risen because of increases in women's body dissatisfaction. We conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in attractiveness and body image using 222 studies from the past 50 years. The analysis shows dramatic increases in the numbers of women among individuals who have poor body image. Moreover, these trends were found across multiple conceptualizations of body image, including self-judgments of physical attractiveness.

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Eating psychopathology in ballet dancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity ◽

10.1007/s40519-021-01213-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

G. A. Silverii ◽

F. Benvenuti ◽

G. Morandin ◽

V. Ricca ◽

M. Monami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Interpersonal Problems ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

The Body ◽

Drive For Thinness ◽

Eating Psychopathology ◽

Ballet Dancers ◽

Maturity Fears

Abstract Objective To assess whether ballet dancers have higher eating psychopathology mean scores than the general population. Methods Meta-analysis of cross-sectional observational studies comparing the scores of one or more of the validated eating psychopathological scales between ballet dancers and any control groups. Results Twelve studies were included in the metanalysis. Ballet dancers had a significantly higher EAT score (12 studies retrieved, SMD 0.82 [95% CI 0.44–1.19], p < 0.00001, I2 = 84)]; subgroup analysis suggested a possible role of control subjects’ choice in explaining heterogeneity. Scores on the EDI subscales of Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body dissatisfaction were available from four studies; Drive for Thinness was higher in ballet dancers (SMD 0.62 [0.01, 1.22]), as well as the Bulimia scale (SMD 0.38 [0.02, 0.73], p = 0.04) and the Body Dissatisfaction scale (SMD 0.34 [0.15, 0.53]). Data on Perfectionism, Interpersonal problems, Ineffectiveness, and Maturity fears, were available from three studies. Higher scores in Perfectionism (SMD 0.68 [0.24, 1.12] p = 0.02), Interpersonal problems (SMD 0.24 [0.02, 0.47], in Inefficacy, (SMD 2.18 [1.31, 3.06]) were found for ballet dancers; on the other hand, Maturity fears scores were not significantly different between ballet dancers and controls (IV-MD = 0.15 [− 0.07, 0.36]). Seven studies reported tests not performed elsewhere. Discussion Ballet dancers show a higher level of restriction and drive for thinness than controls, and they may be, therefore, at higher risk for the development of eating disorders. Available studies do not allow the discrimination of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors from adaptive responses. Level of evidence Level I (evidence obtained from systematic reviews and meta-analyses).

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The Impact of Social Networking Sites on Body Dissatisfaction among Men and Women: a Meta-Analysis

10.31237/osf.io/vts75 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fernando Castaneda

Keyword(s):

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Social Networking ◽

Effect Size ◽

Social Networking Sites ◽

Body Satisfaction ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Men And Women ◽

Gender And Age ◽

The Difference ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in impact between men and women on the effects that social networking sites (SNS) have on body dissatisfaction. A total of eight studies (with 48 effect sizes) involving participants being assessed on SNS use frequency and body dissatisfaction in which some correlation was determined were used for this meta-analysis. The current study also chose to evaluate three different moderators: gender, age, and measurement type. Correlations from each study were collected in order to compute a single pooled effect size. The proportion of men and mean age were also collected from each study in order to assess the gender and age moderators. Types of measurements were coded either as 0 (study used a measurement specifically designed to assess body satisfaction/dissatisfaction) or 1 (study used a subscale from a larger measurement that assessed body satisfaction/dissatisfaction). The pooled effect size showed significance in the overall association between SNS use frequency and body dissatisfaction which supports the findings of previous research. However, neither of the moderators were found to be significant, ultimately rejecting the hypothesis of the current study. This finding may be due to the major limitation of the lack of research available surrounding this topic.

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