Personality and Happiness: A National Level of Analysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piers Steel ◽  
◽  
Deniz Ones
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Level Of Analysis

The well-being and productivity link: a significant opportunity for research-into-practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Miller
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Implementation Gap ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practice Implementation ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to position well-being as a necessary component of the productivity debate and highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the nature of such a link. It first considers productivity at the national level in order to show how this affects both the climate and the economic policies within which organisations operate. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents an overview of current research and practice in the area. It treats the organisation as the primary level of analysis, and before highlights some of the apparent challenges in conceptualising well-being. Findings The importance of well-being is rising up national and employer agendas. Organisations need people to perform at their best in a sustainable way. The paper argues that an organisation with well-being at its core will reap productivity gains. It supports the view in the literature that improvements at national level can only be made on the back of sophisticated strategies across numerous organisations. However, for this to happen shared actions and understanding of these challenges has first to be created and acted upon across institutions and organisations. There are notable costs of poor well-being to productivity, and identifiable benefits of promoting and supporting employee well-being for productivity. Practical implications There is a clear practice implementation gap. Some organisations are embracing the opportunities to invest in their staff, but those who make employee well-being a business priority and a fundamental part of how the organisation operates are in the minority. There is also an ongoing challenge of measuring the impact of well-being programmes which can inform ROI assessments and enable organisations to demonstrate the business benefits of employee well-being. Originality/value There remain many unanswered questions about both the nature of the link between well-being and productivity and the economic impact of an association. This paper sparks further interest in expanding the understanding of the well-being and productivity link or peripheral issues.

Weber Revisited

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1406-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. David Hayward ◽  
Markus Kemmelmeier
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Market Capitalism ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Weber’s Protestant Ethic hypothesis holds that elements of theology gave Protestants a cultural affinity with the economic demands of early market capitalism, particularly compared with their Catholic neighbors, which led to more rapid economic development in nations where Protestant culture was dominant. Previous research has found inconsistent support for a Protestant inclination toward pro-market attitudes, depending on whether the level of analysis was at the individual or national level. The present study uses cross-national panel data to combine these approaches with multilevel modeling. Results showed effects at the national level; people living in nations with dominantly Protestant cultural histories had more pro-market economic attitudes. At the individual level, there were differences in the impact of religiosity by religious group affiliation; Protestants had relatively pro-market attitudes regardless of religiosity, while members of other groups tended to increase in market orientation as a function of religiosity. Together, these effects support the existence of a Protestant Ethic that is linked with cultural Protestantism, rather than with personal adherence to specific Protestant religious beliefs.

Governance Indicators and the Level of Analysis Problem: Empirical Findings from South America

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Gingerich
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Analysis Problem ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Bureaucratic Agencies ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Studies of the link between state capacity and development often utilize national-level governance indicators to explain fine-grained development outcomes. As capacity in some bureaucratic agencies matters more for these outcomes than capacity in others, this work proxies for capacity within the set of relevant agencies by using a measure of ‘mean’ capacity across all agencies in a polity. This practice is problematic for two reasons: (1) within-country, cross-agency diversity in capacity often overwhelms the variation encountered across public sectors considered in their entireties; (2) national-level reputations for capacity are not particularly informative about differences in capacity in functionally equivalent agencies in different countries. The article draws on the author's survey of public employees in Bolivia, Brazil and Chile to establish these points.

Influence of national and regional level social capital on entrepreneurial activity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Cox ◽  
Jason Lortie ◽  
Ratan J.S. Dheer
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurship Research ◽  
Level Of Analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that national levels of social capital have on entrepreneurial activity. Specifically, we argue that national and regional level social capital positively influences the ability of entrepreneurs to mobilize and access important resources thereby positively impacting the rate of entrepreneurship within nations and regions.Design/methodology/approachWe advance a multilevel and multidimensional conceptualization of social capital. Then based on a dataset of 68 nations and 665 within-nation regions, we empirically evaluate the effects of social capital at the national and regional level in explaining differences in entrepreneurial activity across nations and regions using a combination of regression analysis and multilevel hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).FindingsOur findings emphasize the importance of formulating a multilevel conceptualization of social capital for entrepreneurship research. We discuss the results, provide implications for public policy and suggest avenues for future research.Originality/valueThe overwhelming majority of entrepreneurship research focused on investigating the implications of social capital reside at the individual level of analysis. Our unique inquiry is an inaugural effort to consider this important implications at the macro and meso-level of analysis by examining both regional and national-level effects.

Path-Dependence and the Challenges of Institutional Adaptability: The Case of the Niagara Region in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Conteh ◽  
Diana Panter
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
National Level ◽  
Historical Institutionalism ◽  
Socioeconomic Change ◽  
Institutional Adaptation ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Economic Landscape ◽  
Level Of Analysis

AbstractThe paper uses the concept of path dependence to explain the challenges and complexities of institutional adaptation at the subnational level. The notion of path dependence is rooted in the well-established research tradition of historical institutionalism, one of the variants of neoinstitutionalism. The academic literature on the new institutionalism, however, has tended to focus on the national level of analysis. But there is a growing recognition of cities and regions as the main engines of socioeconomic change in the current age of seismic global economic perturbation. Their historic and current significance has thus made them arguably more organic units of governance than modern states or supranational regimes. The discussion focuses on the Niagara region in Canada to illustrate the institutional infrastructure of governance underpinning the economic landscape of city-regions and the challenges of reform that such local regions face in an age of unprecedented global socioeconomic change.

Beyond Red Tape and Fools: Institutional Theory in Entrepreneurship Research, 1992–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Su ◽  
Qinghua Zhai ◽  
Tomas Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
National Level ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Entrepreneurship Research ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
State And Market ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Leading Journals

Institutional theory has become an increasingly common lens in entrepreneurship research. Over the past years, the number of entrepreneurship studies that adopt institutional perspective (EIn research) has grown dramatically. This review systematically examines extant EIn research, analyzing 194 articles published in 11 leading journals from 1992 to 2014. In this review, we focus on three characteristics of the articles: institutional logic, level of analysis, and methodology. Further, we identify three distinct periods of EIn research: the conceptual phase, 1992–2000, the exploration phase 2001–2007, and the acceptance phase 2008–2014. This allows us to provide detailed discussion on main characteristics of the articles and identify evolutionary trends of this research area. The overall surge of articles with institutional perspective in entrepreneurship research is promising. We can see an increasing variation of methods being applied and a growing mutual interest between entrepreneurship and institutional theory researchers. Yet, we find substantial biases and omissions in the application of institutional theory. There is a focus on national level analysis with assuming state and market logics. For EIn to move forward it has to move closer to field/industry level analysis and add new insights into entrepreneurship and alternative logics. Based on our framework and additional insights gained from the review, we outline directions for future EIn research.

The local geography of transnational terrorism

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiah Marineau ◽  
Henry Pascoe ◽  
Alex Braithwaite ◽  
Michael Findley ◽  
Joseph Young
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Transnational Terrorism ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Matching Models ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Why are some locations more attractive targets for transnational terrorism than others? Remarkably little is known about the local-level conditions and attributes that determine precisely where transnational terror attacks occur within targeted countries. To date, quantitative terrorism research identifies country- or region-level correlates of terrorism, neglecting possible local factors. In this study, we posit five local-level factors that increase the likelihood of a terror attack: security of a target, accessibility, symbolism, material harm, and exclusion. Using a variety of estimation strategies, including multilevel, negative binomial, and propensity score matching models, we regress new sub-national geographically coded transnational terrorism data on various sub-national measures that might theoretically increase the likelihood of a terror attack. The results demonstrate that although country- and region-level factors matter, numerous local-level conditions, including where civil violence occurs, sub-national economic activity, and proximity to capitals and urban areas, are equally, if not more, important. The results help to substantiate the analytical benefits of adopting the sub-national level of analysis in the study of transnational terrorism.

scholarly journals The Effects of Corruption in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Entrepreneurial Intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Ceresia ◽  
Mendola
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Although researchers have identified corruption as a factor capable of affecting the entrepreneurial ecosystem at the national level of analysis, scholars have reported conflicting results regarding the exact nature of the relationship between corruption and entrepreneurial intentions. This paper formulates some propositions about the complex relationship between corruption and entrepreneurship at different levels of analysis and it suggests and explores the socio-cultural consequences of such domains’ interactions. Finally, the slippery-slope effect will be discussed as an intra-individual psychological mechanism that could explain why even morally-engaged people might replicate corrupt behaviors. The limitations of this work, and its implications for future researchers and for government policies will be analyzed.

The implications of national and regional long-term orientation on entrepreneurial activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1236-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Lortie ◽  
Tais Barreto ◽  
Kevin Cox
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial activity at both the national and regional levels of analyses. While there has been significant progress in investigating the effects of culture on entrepreneurial activity, most work overlooks the effects that time-orientation may have on national or regional entrepreneurial activity. Specifically, this study argues for the connection between long-term orientation (LTO) and subsequent levels of entrepreneurship such that the more a nation or region is long-term oriented, the higher the subsequent entrepreneurial activity will be. Design/methodology/approach Data from the World Value Survey (WVS), which is a global project that measures individuals’ values across 62 countries (World Value Survey, 2011), were used for this project. The final sample consisted of 36,652 individual observations across 29 nations and 262 regions and was analyzed using ecological factor analyses and multilevel modeling. Findings The findings suggest that LTO as a cultural dimension does influence entrepreneurship activity levels. The findings also suggest that the effects of LTO at the regional and national levels vary widely. Specifically, the authors find LTO to be positively related to entrepreneurship at the regional, but not national, level of analysis. Originality/value The findings reveal important nuances about the implications that the understudied cultural factor of LTO has on entrepreneurial activity across multiple levels of analysis.

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