Influence of national and regional level social capital on entrepreneurial activity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Cox ◽  
Jason Lortie ◽  
Ratan J.S. Dheer
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurship Research ◽  
Level Of Analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that national levels of social capital have on entrepreneurial activity. Specifically, we argue that national and regional level social capital positively influences the ability of entrepreneurs to mobilize and access important resources thereby positively impacting the rate of entrepreneurship within nations and regions.Design/methodology/approachWe advance a multilevel and multidimensional conceptualization of social capital. Then based on a dataset of 68 nations and 665 within-nation regions, we empirically evaluate the effects of social capital at the national and regional level in explaining differences in entrepreneurial activity across nations and regions using a combination of regression analysis and multilevel hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).FindingsOur findings emphasize the importance of formulating a multilevel conceptualization of social capital for entrepreneurship research. We discuss the results, provide implications for public policy and suggest avenues for future research.Originality/valueThe overwhelming majority of entrepreneurship research focused on investigating the implications of social capital reside at the individual level of analysis. Our unique inquiry is an inaugural effort to consider this important implications at the macro and meso-level of analysis by examining both regional and national-level effects.

National social capital, perceived entrepreneurial ability and entrepreneurial intentions

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirmahmood Amini Sedeh ◽  
Hooman Abootorabi ◽  
Jing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ability

PurposeGrounded in theory of planned behavior, this study explores how national social capital, as an important but untested element of institutional environment, influences the effect of perceived entrepreneurial ability on entrepreneurial intentions.Design/methodology/approachUsing data of more than 95,000 individuals in 33 countries from Adult Population Survey (APS) conducted by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), combined with data collected by World Values Survey (WVS), this study employs hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to assess the moderation effect of national social capital on the relationship between perceived entrepreneurial ability of individuals nested within different countries and entrepreneurial intentions.FindingsThe results reveal that national social capital enhances the positive impact of perceived entrepreneurial ability on the intent of individuals to start a new business. Notably, this study finds all three components of national social capital – generalized trust, breadth of formal organizational memberships and civic engagement– strengthen the influence of perceived entrepreneurial ability on entrepreneurial intentions.Originality/valueAs the main contribution, this research illustrates the combined effects of social environment (i.e. national social capital) and individuals' evaluations regarding their ability to start a business (i.e. perceived entrepreneurial ability) on entrepreneurial intentions. This study highlights that national social capital complements perceived entrepreneurial ability by helping identify favorable start-up conditions and increasing the tendency of people to act on those conditions.

Mapping societal trust and trust in negotiations

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Yao ◽  
Jeanne M. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose It is important to infer and diagnose whether a negotiator is trustworthy. In international negotiations, people may assume that high-trust nations are more likely to produce more trustworthy negotiators. Does this assumption hold universally? This study aims to address this research question by investigating the relationship between national-level societal trust and individual-level trust in negotiations. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a cross-sectional research design and a sample of 910 senior managers from 58 nations or regions. The hypotheses are tested by hierarchical linear modeling. Findings This study draws on the dynamic constructivist theory of culture to propose moderated hypotheses. Results show that societal trust predicts individuals’ social perceptions of attitudinal trust in negotiations, only when cultural face norms are weak rather than strong; societal trust predicts individuals’ social perceptions of behavioral trust in negotiations (i.e. high information sharing and low competitive behavior), only when negotiators process information analytically rather than holistically. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the relationship between national-level societal trust (i.e. generalized trust) and individual-level trust in negotiations (i.e. particularistic trust). It uses a large-scale, multinational sample to show that relying on societal trust to infer trust in negotiations is valid only in Western societies.

Multi-level analysis of knowledge transfer: a knowledge recipient’s perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhyung Kang ◽  
Yong Sauk Hau
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multi Level

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to adopt the recipient’s perspective to explore multi-level antecedents’ effects on knowledge transfer using social capital and social network theories. Design/methodology/approach – Social network and general attribute survey responses from 331 employees were analyzed through hierarchical linear modeling to verify the study’s multi-level research model and hypotheses. Findings – A recipient’s trust in colleagues positively influences knowledge transfer and company tenure has a negative impact. At a dyadic level, the perceived expertise of a source, in addition to strength of ties, exerts a positive effect on knowledge transfer. Additionally, a recipient’s network centrality moderates the effects of dyadic relationships on knowledge transfer. Research limitations/implications – This study deepened the current understanding of the role of social capital in knowledge transfer from a recipient’s perspective. Three dimensions of a recipient’s social capital respectively showed significant, but different types of influence on knowledge transfer. Interaction effects between individual and dyadic level antecedents should be considered as well. Practical implications – Both a strong tie at a dyadic level and a diverse network at an individual level should be nurtured to facilitate knowledge transfer. In addition, bi-directional knowledge transfer between seasoned employees and new employees should be promoted. Originality/value – Most studies have focused on motivating a knowledge source, assuming that a recipient is always ready to adopt a source’s knowledge. To reduce this bias, the current study examined social capital’s role in knowledge transfer from a recipient’s perspective.

When do salespeople pursue and win deals? a two-stage model of sales opportunity outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 817-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Guesalaga ◽  
Dimitri Kapelianis
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Customer Relationships ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
Sales Process

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop and test a two-stage model of sales opportunity outcomes, and thus identify the factors that influence the likelihood of a salesperson pursuing and winning a sales deal. Design/methodology/approach – Using a longitudinal design, the authors collect data on 330 sales opportunities at two different time periods from two distinct sources and conduct data analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. Findings – In the first stage, the authors find that the salesperson’s decision to pursue the opportunity is influenced by the strategic value of the client’s business and the concreteness of the opportunity. In the second stage, the authors find that the likelihood of winning the opportunity is influenced by the extent of the salesperson’s specialization, closeness to the buying center, company’s competitive position and fit with the client’s value orientation. Research limitations/implications – The authors have examined discrete sales opportunities independent of ongoing business relationships; future research should explore transactions that are embedded within customer relationships. Practical implications – The authors highlight the importance of evaluating sales opportunities at the beginning of the sales process and suggest some specific variables that relate to the selling context. Originality/value – The authors analyze factors that influence the decision of the salesperson to pursue an opportunity or not, as well as factors that influence the likelihood of winning a deal or not.

Contingent conditions on the effectiveness of salesperson acquisition-retention ambidexterity: the motivation–opportunity–ability framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqin Zheng ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Zhimei Zang
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Sales Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sales Managers ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moa Framework ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to investigate moderators affecting the impact of salesperson acquisition-retention (AR) ambidexterity on sales performance based on the motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) framework. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected triadic data through 391 questionnaires from salespeople, 50 questionnaires from sales managers and archival data about each salesperson’s performance. Hierarchical linear modeling was applied to test the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate that salesperson AR ambidexterity positively affects sales performance. The positive effect is strengthened by capability control but weakened by outcome control and activity control. The authors also find that sales experience and market attractiveness hurt the effectiveness of salesperson AR ambidexterity. Research limitations/implications First, this study does not examine the mediating mechanism underlying the effect of salesperson AR ambidexterity. Second, sales-service ambidexterity is another ambidextrous variable for salespeople. Future research can consider AR and sales-service ambidexterity together. Practical implications First, managers should be cautious when encouraging experienced salespeople to conduct AR ambidexterity. Second, managers need to use capability control to motivate salespeople with AR ambidextrous behaviors. Third, AR ambidexterity could be not required in a market with many opportunities. Originality/value Although some studies have examined the effectiveness of salesperson AR ambidexterity, they reveal inconsistent findings, which suggest contingent conditions on the effectiveness of salesperson AR ambidexterity. However, the attention on the contingent conditions is limited. Therefore, this paper systematically investigates the contingent conditions from the MOA framework. The findings provide some insights into when salesperson AR ambidexterity is effective.

scholarly journals District Fiscal Policy and Student Achievement

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Gary G. Huang ◽  
Binbing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
National Level ◽  
Math Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
District Role ◽  
Improving Student Learning

School restructuring raises questions about the role of school districts in improving student learning. Centralization by state governments and decentralization to individual schools as proposed in systemic reform leave districts' role unsettled. Empirical research on the district role in the context of ongoing reform is inadequate. This analysis of combined data from the NAEP and the Common Core of Data (CCD) was intended to address the issue. We analyzed 1990, 1992, and 1996 NAEP 8th grade mathematics national assessment data in combination with CCD data of corresponding years to examine the extent to which student achievement was related to districts' control over instructional expenditure, adjusting for relevant key factors at both district and student levels. Upon sample modification, we used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to estimate the relationships of student achievement to two district fiscal policy indictors, current expenditure per pupil (CEPP) and districts' discretionary rates for instructional expenditure (DDR). Net of relevant district factors, DDR was found unrelated to districts' average 8th grade math performance. The null effect was consistent in the analysis of the combined NAEP-CCD data for 1990, 1992, and 1996. In contrast, CEPP was found related to higher math performance in a modest yet fairly consistent way. Future research may be productive to separately study individual states and integrate the findings onto the national level.

A capital idea: exploring the relationship between human and social capital and student achievement in schools

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Daly ◽  
Yi-Hwa Liou ◽  
Claudia Der-Martirosian
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Student Achievement ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Teacher Collaboration ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Achievement Outcomes ◽  
Human And Social Capital ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeAs accountability policies worldwide press for higher student achievement, schools across the globe are enacting a host of reform efforts with varied outcomes. Mounting evidence suggests reforms, which encourage greater collaboration among teachers, may ultimately support increased student learning. Specifically, this study aims to investigate the relationship between human and social and student achievement outcomes.Design/methodology/approachIn exploring this idea, the authors draw on human and social capital and examine the influence of these forms of capital on student achievement using social network analysis and hierarchical linear modeling.FindingsThe results indicate that teacher human and social capital each have a significant and positive relationship with student achievement. Moreover, both teacher human and social capital together have an even stronger effect on student achievement than either human or social capital alone.Originality/valueAs more schools across the globe adopt structures for teacher collaboration and the development of learning communities, there is a need to better understand how schools may capitalize on these opportunities in ways that yield improved student learning. Our work sheds new light on these critical foundational elements of human and social capital that are individually and collectively associated with student achievement.

The implications of national and regional long-term orientation on entrepreneurial activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1236-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Lortie ◽  
Tais Barreto ◽  
Kevin Cox
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial activity at both the national and regional levels of analyses. While there has been significant progress in investigating the effects of culture on entrepreneurial activity, most work overlooks the effects that time-orientation may have on national or regional entrepreneurial activity. Specifically, this study argues for the connection between long-term orientation (LTO) and subsequent levels of entrepreneurship such that the more a nation or region is long-term oriented, the higher the subsequent entrepreneurial activity will be. Design/methodology/approach Data from the World Value Survey (WVS), which is a global project that measures individuals’ values across 62 countries (World Value Survey, 2011), were used for this project. The final sample consisted of 36,652 individual observations across 29 nations and 262 regions and was analyzed using ecological factor analyses and multilevel modeling. Findings The findings suggest that LTO as a cultural dimension does influence entrepreneurship activity levels. The findings also suggest that the effects of LTO at the regional and national levels vary widely. Specifically, the authors find LTO to be positively related to entrepreneurship at the regional, but not national, level of analysis. Originality/value The findings reveal important nuances about the implications that the understudied cultural factor of LTO has on entrepreneurial activity across multiple levels of analysis.

The Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Employees’ Proactive Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Fong-Yi Lai ◽  
Szu-Chi Lu ◽  
Cheng-Chen Lin ◽  
Yu-Chin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. The present study proposed that, unlike prior leader–member exchange (LMX) research which often implicitly assumed that each leader develops equal-quality relationships with their supervisors (leader’s LMX; LLX), every leader develops different relationships with their supervisors and, in turn, receive different amounts of resources. Moreover, these differentiated relationships with superiors will influence how leader–member relationship quality affects team members’ voice and creativity. We adopted a multi-temporal (three wave) and multi-source (leaders and employees) research design. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 227 bank employees working in 52 departments. Results of the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis showed that LLX moderates the relationship between LMX and team members’ voice behavior and creative performance. Strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

Impact of relatedness, uncertainty and slack on corporate entrepreneurship decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Garrett ◽  
Shaunn Mattingly ◽  
Jeff Hornsby ◽  
Alireza Aghaey
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Slack Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effect

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of opportunity relatedness and uncertainty on the decision of a corporate entrepreneur to pursue a venturing opportunity.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a conjoint experimental design to reveal the structure of respondents' decision policies. Data were gathered from 47 useable replies from corporate entrepreneurs and were analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).FindingsResults show that product relatedness, market relatedness, perceived certainty about expected outcomes and slack resources all have a positive effect on the willingness of a corporate entrepreneur to pursue a new venture idea. Moreover, slack was found to diminish the positive effect of product relatedness on the likelihood to pursue a venturing opportunity.Practical implicationsBy providing a better understanding of decision-making schemas of corporate entrepreneurs, the findings of this study help improve the practice of entrepreneurship at the organizational level. In order to make more accurate opportunity assessments, corporate entrepreneurs need to be aware of their cognitive strategies and need to factor in the salient criteria affecting such assessments.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the limited understanding of corporate-level decision-making with regard to pursuing venturing opportunities. More specifically, the paper adds new insights regarding how relatedness and uncertainty affect new venture opportunity assessments in the presence (or lack thereof) of slack resources.

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